The Struggle for Egypt
A sweeping account of Egypt in the modern era: what Egypt is, what it stands for, and its relation to the world.
See more in Political Movements and Protests; Egypt
Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for Middle East and Africa Studies
Middle East; Politics in the Arab world; U.S.-Middle East policy; Turkish politics; civil-military relations in the Middle East; Arab-Israeli conflict.
Steven A. Cook is Eni Enrico Mattei senior fellow for Middle East and Africa studies at the Council on Foreign Relations (CFR). He is an expert on Arab and Turkish politics as well as U.S.-Middle East policy. Cook is the author of The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square, which won the Washington Institute for Near East Policy's gold medal in 2012, and Ruling But Not Governing: The Military and Political Development in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey. His new book on the Middle East uprisings will be published by Oxford University Press in 2017.
Cook has published widely in foreign policy journals, opinion magazines, and newspapers, and he is a frequent commentator on radio and television. He also currently writes the blog From the Potomac to the Euphrates.
Prior to joining CFR, Cook was a research fellow at the Brookings Institution (2001–2002) and a Soref research fellow at the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (1995–1996).
Cook holds a BA in international studies from Vassar College, an MA in international relations from Johns Hopkins University’s School of Advanced International Studies, and both an MA and PhD in political science from the University of Pennsylvania. He speaks Arabic and Turkish and reads French.
The much-anticipated transitions to democratic political systems in the Middle East have not materialized. Despite the enthusiasm surrounding the uprisings in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and other countries, a rather different reality of instability and repressive politics has emerged in the region. In my forthcoming book, Thwarted Dreams: The Persistence of Authoritarianism and Violence in the New Middle East, I argue that the revolts of 2010-11 represented a collective false dawn. While some uprisings failed to overthrow entrenched social and political orders, other states face potential break-ups in the absence of strong institutions. Still other countries are either experiencing a consolidation of authority that is blunting political opposition or struggling to find a formula that will allow them to escape political stalemate. Since the uprisings in 2010 and 2011, observers have often asserted that there is "no going back" in the Middle East, meaning a return to pre-uprising politics. That is surely true, but it does not imply—as so many have assumed—a democratic future for the region. Rather than a particularly difficult moment on the path in the transition to democracy, the Middle East's present uncertainty, violence, and authoritarianism is also its future.
Just a decade ago, Turkey seemed on track to becoming a full-fledged liberal democracy. The Justice and Development Party (AKP) came to power in 2002 and oversaw a period of dramatic political reform. By the time the European Commission recommended, in 2004, that Ankara begin pursuing EU membership, Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan was earning praise for having discovered a Turkish "third way," in which Islamists pursued political and economic reform without sowing dangerous social divisions. A decade later, however, Turkey's democratic transition is over. Although more Turks are voting and engaged in politics than ever before—thanks to AKP reforms that have helped produce a growing middle class—over time, the government has increasingly restricted their ability to contest its decisions. Pressure on journalists, restrictions on freedom of expression, police brutality, and limits on social media have all become hallmarks of Turkish politics. Overall, Turkish leaders have used the quasi-democratic institutions of the political system to advance an anti-democratic agenda. My work on Turkey—articles, blog posts, and roundtable meetings—aims to identify the trends in Turkish politics and what they may mean for the broader region.
A sweeping account of Egypt in the modern era: what Egypt is, what it stands for, and its relation to the world.
See more in Political Movements and Protests; Egypt
Experts from the Council on Foreign Relations and the Saban Center at the Brookings Institution propose a new, nonpartisan Middle East strategy drawing on the lessons of past failures to address both the short- and long-term challenges to U.S. interests.
See more in Middle East and North Africa; Diplomacy and Statecraft
A critical examination of how the legacies of military control in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey affect political development in these countries, highlighting the often-overlooked difficulties of promoting democratic change in military-dominated political systems.
See more in Egypt; Arms Industries and Trade; Politics and Strategy
Security in Turkey has deteriorated in recent years as the country’s leadership seeks to influence conflicts around its borders, argues CFR’s Steven A. Cook. Turkish policies toward Syria, the Kurds, Iraq, and the fight against the self-declared Islamic State has contributed to the rise of terrorism in Turkey, including the attack on the Istanbul airport.
See more in Turkey; Politics and Strategy
The 1916 Sykes-Picot Agreement explains little about the contemporary Middle East’s problems, writes CFR’s Steven A. Cook. Assuming it does is bad history and leads to bad assumptions for U.S. foreign policy.
See more in Middle East and North Africa; Conflict Assessment; Treaties and Agreements
The war between the military and Kurdish insurgents is really a conflict over what it means to be a citizen of Turkey. That’s why there’s no end in sight to the bloodshed.
See more in Turkey; Conflict Assessment
Steven A. Cook testified before the House Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa and argued that although the coup d’état that brought General Abdel Fatah al-Sisi to power has not resulted in stability, prosperity, or democracy, Egypt is too important for the United States to walk away.
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On the eve of the Arab Uprisings' fifth anniversary, CFR's Steven A. Cook surveys the region's tumult and backslide into autocracy.
See more in Middle East and North Africa; Democratization
Turkey has chosen not to play a constructive role in combating extremism and resolving the Syrian conflict, argues CFR’s Steven A. Cook. Instead, Ankara has gone after securing its own interests, that of securing the power of the ruling party and undermining Syria’s Kurds.
See more in Turkey; Syria; Diplomacy and Statecraft; Conflict Assessment
The Turkish authorities have blamed the self-declared Islamic State for the attack on a peace rally in Ankara that took the lives of more than 100 people, though others in Turkey are not so sure. Critics of the dominant Justice and Development Party (A.K.P.), and some victims say the violence is more likely the work of either the government itself or the so-called deep state, designed to destabilize Turkey in a way that undermines Kurdish political goals and the A.K.P.’s efforts to transform Turkish politics.
See more in Turkey; Congresses, Parliaments, National Legislatures; Corruption and Bribery
On Sunday, incumbent President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s Justice and Development Party earned an unexpected majority in the country’s second election within five months.
The democratic dreams of the Arab Spring have become nightmares of instability and authoritarianism. What went wrong? And what, if anything, should America do about it?
See more in Middle East and North Africa; Political Movements and Protests
President Erdogan is playing a game of 12-dimensional chess.
See more in Turkey; Counterterrorism; Terrorist Organizations and Networks
The assassination of a top official and a brazen attack by an Islamic State affiliate this week herald a prolonged period of bloodshed.
See more in Egypt; Conflict Assessment
National Journal staff asked leading foreign-policy intellectuals to give them their best answers.
See more in United States; Middle East and North Africa; Terrorist Organizations and Networks; Conflict Assessment
Expectations of democracy in Turkey following the recent general elections are premature, writes CFR’s Steven Cook. Instead, political paralysis and instability will mark the upcoming phase as parties scramble to build a coalition government.
Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is playing politics with the centennial of the Armenian genocide.
See more in Turkey; Genocide; Presidents and Chiefs of State
As we approach the Turkish parliamentary elections, the relationship between President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoglu is coming under intense scrutiny, writes CFR’s Steven A. Cook. While many believe that Davutoglu can lead a faction of the ruling party to check the president, the reality is that it is impossible to outmaneuver Erdogan.
See more in Turkey; Presidents and Chiefs of State
The increasing authoritarianism of President Recep Tayyip Erdogan is transforming Turkey into an insular and regionally alienated country, says CFR’s Steven Cook. As Turkish relations with the Middle East, Europe, and the United States, Turkey risks becoming irrelevant and dangerous.
See more in Turkey; Presidents and Chiefs of State
Hint: pay them. And it's going to take a lot more than the $1.3 billion the U.S. government sends Cairo each year.
See more in Egypt; United States; Counterterrorism; Foreign Aid
The United States and Egypt are unlikely to rebuild the strategic partnership they had decades ago, even though some in both countries favor a rapprochement, says CFR's Steven Cook.
See more in Egypt; Diplomacy and Statecraft
In evaluating Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s first ninety days in office, CFR’s Steven Cook writes that Erdogan has become so power-hungry that he is expanding the powers of the presidency that ever before. As Erdogan makes himself indispensable to all areas of Turkish politics, the more he is rolling back democracy.
See more in Turkey; Presidents and Chiefs of State
When it comes to the fight against ISIS, the United States and Turkey are finding it difficult to cooperate because both have different goals, says CFR’s Steven Cook. While the United States is more focused on defeating ISIS, Turkey is more concerned with suppressing Kurdish nationalism, preventing the Syrian conflict from spilling over into Turkey, and bringing about regime change in Damascus.
See more in Turkey; Counterterrorism
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CFR's Steven Cook joins Michael Brooks on The Majority Report to explain what is driving the security crisis in Turkey, the threats from the self-declared Islamic State and militant Kurdish fighters, and whether President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has the ability to pivot.
CFR's Steven Cook joins Charlie Rose to discuss the terrorist attack on Ataturk International Airport in Istanbul, which killed over forty people, and its impact on Turkish politics.
CFR's Steven Cook is interviewed on BBC Radio 4's The World Tonight to discuss the bombing in Turkey's capital, Ankara, which killed twenty-eight. Cook discusses Turkish-Kurdish relations as well as Turkish foreign policy ambitions in Syria and against the self-declared Islamic State.
CFR's Steven Cook joins Michael Brooks on The Majority Report to discuss Saudi Arabia, Iran, the growing conflict between them, and the implications of that conflict on the future of the Middle East.
CFR's Steven Cook discusses Turkish and Egyptian politics with Malcolm Hoenlein on The John Batchelor Show, focusing on the recent elections in Turkey, the situation in Syria, Russian involvement in the Middle East, and the situation in Egypt.
CFR's Steven Cook discusses developments after NATO offers its support to Turkey in its escalating efforts to fight the self-proclaimed Islamic State along with coalition partners with Michael Krasny on San Francisco's KQED Public Radio
CFR's Steven Cook joins Charlie Rose to discuss recent developments regards Turkey's increased role in the fight against the self-declared Islamic State with Francis Ricciardone, Henri Barkey, and David Philips.
Joining Richard Aldous, host of the American Interest's podcast, Steven Cook discusses Turkey and the recent general elections. Cook argues that while the elections represent a setback for President Erdogan, political stability moving forward is not a guarantee.
Steven Cook joins Soner Cagaptay and Elmira Bayrasli on Charlie Rose to discuss the signifiance of the recent Turkish general elections for Turkey, President Recep Tayyip Erdogan, and the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP).
CFR's Steven Cook talks with PBS's Alison Stewart to discuss the results of Turkey's parliamentary elections that saw the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) lose the majority it held for twelve years.
CFR's Steven Cook joins Katherine Spector to speak with Alix Steel of Bloomberg TV's Street Smart to discuss the the expulsion of ISIS from Tikrit in Iraq and the implications on the regional oil trade.
CFR's Steven Cook discusses Egypt's bombing raids against ISIS in retaliation for the group's brutal attacks with Ayman Mohyeldin and Brian Katulis on MSNBC's NOW with Alex Wagner.
CFR’s Steven Cook appears on MSNBC’s NOW with Alex Wagner with former senior advisor to President Obama David Axelrod to discuss the U.S.-led anti-ISIS coalition, the battle for Kobani, and Turkey’s commitment to the operation.
CFR’s Steven Cook joins Liz Sly of the Washington Post and Frederic Wehrey of the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on WHYY’s Radio Times with Marty Moss-Coane to talk about recent developments in the Syrian-Kurdish town of Kobani.
As Turkey believes that the root cause of the rise of ISIS is the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, the Turks will not be fully committed to the anti-ISIS coalition absent an American plan for regime change in Damascus, says CFR’s Steven Cook on C-SPAN with Peter Slen.
CFR’s Steven Cook joins Catherine Wise of the Guardian on PRI’s The World with Marco Werman to discuss developments in the Syrian-Kurdish town of Kobani and Turkey’s role in the battle.
CFR’s Steven Cook appears on MSNBC’s NOW with Alex Wagner to talk about the generational aspect of the fight against ISIS and terrorism.
With demands for a new government under Haider al-Abadi, CFR’s Steven Cook appears on MSNBC’s NOW with Alex Wagner with former NATO Supreme Allied Commander Wesley Clark to discuss the recent developents in Iraq and Nour al-Maliki’s options.
As the fighting in Gaza continues, CFR’s Steven Cook joins Luke Russert on MSNBC’s NOW with AlexWagner along with Bobby Ghosh of Quartz to discuss what Israelis and Palestinians are looking for in a ceasefire proposal.
CFR’s Steven Cook appears on MSNBC’s NOW with Alex Wagner to talk about the recent fighting between Israel and Hamas, security issues in Gaza, and the humanitarian casualties of the war.
Steven Cook speaks on Warren Olney's To The Point to discuss the Turkish elections, their implications for Turkish democracy, and U.S.-Turkey relations
CFR's Steven Cook appears on MSNBC's Martin Bashir to debate the consequences of a possible U.S. missile strike in Syria, as well as the costs of supporting true regime change, as Syria's Bashar al-Assad threatens retaliation for any attack, with Lara Setrakian, managing editor of "Syria Deeply."
The crisis in Syria deepens as reports surface that the government is using chemical weapons against its civilians. Syria denies the allegation and President Obama has not made a final decision regarding military intervention. "There needs to be a signal sent to the international community that the use of these types of weapons are beyond the pale and that there would indeed be consequences as a result of using them," says CFR's Steven Cook on Marketplace.
Hundreds of people were killed in Egypt when armed forces cleared protest camps set up by supporters of ousted President Morsi. CFR's Steven Cook, in an interview on NPR, explains that the recent military crackdown on those protesters can be seen as an attempt by the Muslim Brotherhood to delegitimize the government appointed by the military and their use of violence and martyrdom, increasing sectarian tensions in the country.
In the wake of the military intervention in Egypt that removed President Mohammed Morsi from power, CFR's Steven Cook talks with NPR's Audie Cornish about the current and historical role of the Egyptian military in politics, arguing that the Egyptian military is apolitical and does not have an ideological commitment to one particular group, only wanting to protect its own interests and its reputation as the protector of the Egyptian state.
Egypt is bracing for increased violence between massive crowds for and against Mohamed Morsi. Tanks are in the streets of Cairo, and Morsi's Muslim Brotherhood claims there has been a military coup. Has the United States given its tacit approval? What are the potential consequences for democracy in Egypt and the Middle East? CFR's Steven Cook says, in an interview with KCRW's Warren Olney, that the United States is a side-show to the continuous struggle for power in Egypt, and that Washington's primary interest in the Middle East is security and not democracy.
The White House has promised to step up assistance to Syrian rebels, after determining that the Assad government has used chemical weapons against the rebels. CFR's Steven Cook says this may be too little, too late. In an interview on CNBC, Cook explains that the rebels are on the defensive, and in the meantime Assad's regime is strengthening its position.
Turkey's government is facing its biggest protests in years as demonstrators and police clashed for a 12th consecutive day. CFR's Steven Cook explains the situation in Turkey and the clashes between street demonstrators and the ruling AK party led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan.
CFR's Steven Cook, talking on NPR, examines Turkish prime minister Erdogan's illiberal and authoritarian turn in Turkey in light of the recent protests in Istanbul's Gezi Park and discusses what this means for the prospects of Turkish leadership in the region as a "democracy."
President Obama recognized the annual Remembrance Day for the estimated 1.5 million Armenians who died in the former Ottoman Empire; however, Obama stopped short of calling the term "genocide" to define the awful events of 1915. CFR's Steven Cook, in an interview with Larry Mantle on Air Talk, explains that the Obama administration does not want to create tension in U.S.-Turkey relations, and using the term "genocide" would do just that.
Ongoing violence in Egypt highlights the continued tensions between the government and the opposition, and raises questions about the prospects of Egypt's transition into a democracy. CFR's Steven Cook talks with Neal Conan of NPR, claiming that Egypt has quickly moved from an exhilarating moment of national unity to a deep polarization, which has complicated Morsi's ability to govern and calls into question Egypt's democratic transition. Should things continue to get worse, he says, there could possibly be a military intervention in Cairo.
CFR's Steven Cook discusses the latest on Egypt's first referendum on the draft constitution that will drive Egypt's policies in the future.
Steven A. Cook's The Struggle for Egypt, a chronicle of modern Egypt that culminates in the revolution that overthrew Hosni Mubarak, has been awarded the gold medal in The Washington Institute's 2012 Book Prize competition.
What is at stake for Israel's neighboring countries, in light of the new conflict between Israel and Hamas? "The Israelis could be looking at a situation in which their relations are deteriorating with Egypt, faced with the possibility of two fronts in Gaza, and in the north from Hezbollah, and the crumbling of its relationship with Jordan. All around, a nightmare scenario," says CFR's Steven Cook in an interview for PRI's The World.
CFR's Steven Cook talks to PRI's The World and explains the intense reluctance among officials at the Department of Defense, the State Department, and the White House to commit to involvement in Syria. He says that Washington wants to be sensitive to Syria's security concerns without getting directly involved and entering into a situation that might turn into another Afghanistan or something similar.
Egypt has blocked access to the country from the Gaza Strip in the wake of an assault on an Egyptian border station. "The residents of the Sinai have long felt that they have been neglected by the central government in Cairo. They have been abused by the police. There are significant socio-economic problems throughout the Sinai but, in particular in northern Sinai," says CFR's Steven Cook, speaking on PRI's The World. The real issue, he says, is whether post-revolutionary Egypt has the capacity to deal with the Sinai's complex challenges.
How influential has international help been for Assad, and what can the West do to stop the violence? CFR's Steven Cook appears on Fox News and says the Assad regime remains in place mainly due to the large amount of support it gets from the Russians and Iranians, while the rebels have received minimal international aid. Cook claims that this is not a "fair fight," and warns that we are in for much more bloodshed in Syria unless there is concerted international action.
The failure by the Arab League mission to stop the violence in Syria puts more pressure on the international community at large to intervene in that country, but the United States has no plans to do that. "If we want to see an end to the violence and a hope for democracy in Syria, the next stop is international intervention. If not, Assad will likely be around for some time and will kill many more people," argues CFR's Steven Cook on PRI's The World.
Slate.com recommends Dr. Steven Cook's new book, The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square, saying, "Cook brings the revolution to life."
The elections in Egypt have exposed deep rifts between the ruling Military Council and various opposition groups. CFR's Steven Cook discusses what is at stake for Egypt's military in light of the recent parliamentary elections. Speaking on PRI's The World, he explains the military's desire to maintain its power, and how their legitimacy is being threatened by the possibility a true democracy emerging in Egypt.
Christian Science Monitor calls The Struggle for Egypt:From Nasser to Tahrir Square by Dr. Steven Cook, "[An] excellent new book."
Publisher's Weekly reviews Dr. Steven Cook's new book, The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square, saying, "...this providentially-timed account of modern Egyptian history combines immersion journalism with insightful policy analysis."
Thanassis Cambanis for the New York Times Sunday Book Review says, "Cook has given us is a scholar's well-informed, analytical history, which offers invaluable insights to anyone interested in how Egypt came to its present impasse" about Dr. Steven Cook's new book, The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square.
Lynn Neary, from NPR's Morning Edition, talks to Steven Cook, senior follow for Middle Eastern studies at the Council on Foreign Relations, about the 30th anniversary of the assassination of former Egyptian President Anwar Sadat. They discuss how the past is shaping Egypt's future.
Dr. Steven Cook's new book, The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square is reviewed by Kirkus Reviews: "[A] detailed account of the build-up to revolution and how recent developments were organized . . . Cook, who is intimately familiar with Egypt and its political and cultural history, begins from Nasser's 1952 coup, providing broad context for his discussion."
Dr. Steven Cook appears on Charlie Rose to discuss the recent resignations of Turkey's top military officers.
It has been six months since popular protests forced Tunisian President Zine Abidine Ben Ali to announce he was stepping down. That event has shaken the Arab world. CFR's Steven Cook talks with PRI's The World, saying that many changes have been made but that it is still too early to tell what the political trajectory of the region will be, as Tunisia, like Egypt, is still having difficulty realizing its revolutionary promise.
CFR's Steven Cook, in an interview with PRI's The World, discusses the prospects for a regional "domino effect" in Egypt's neighborhood.
Dr. Steven Cook speaks on the future of U.S.-Israeli relations on PBS NewsHour, "The Rundown."
Dr. Steven Cook appears on WorldFocus to discuss resumed negotiations between Israelis and Palestinians.
A look at Hosni Mubarak's meeting with President Obama in Washington with Steven Cook of The Council on Foreign Relations and Michele Dunne of The Carnegie Endowment for International Peace on Charlie Rose.
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Eni Enrico Mattei Senior Fellow for Middle East and Africa Studies and author of The Struggle for Egypt: From Nasser to Tahrir Square.
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CFR's Steven Cook joins Michael Brooks on The Majority Report to explain what is driving the security crisis in Turkey, the threats from the self-declared Islamic State and militant Kurdish fighters, and whether President Recep Tayyip Erdogan has the ability to pivot.
CFR's Steven Cook joins Charlie Rose to discuss the terrorist attack on Ataturk International Airport in Istanbul, which killed over forty people, and its impact on Turkish politics.
CFR's Steven Cook is interviewed on BBC Radio 4's The World Tonight to discuss the bombing in Turkey's capital, Ankara, which killed twenty-eight. Cook discusses Turkish-Kurdish relations as well as Turkish foreign policy ambitions in Syria and against the self-declared Islamic State.
Egypt's 2011 revolution marks the latest chapter in Egyptians' longtime struggle for greater democratic freedoms. In this CFR video, Steven A. Cook, CFR's Hasib J. Sabbagh senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies and author of "The Struggle for Egypt," identifies the lessons that Egypt's emerging leadership must learn from the Nasser, Sadat, and Mubarak regimes.