On June 17–18, 1999, the U.S./Middle East Project and Corporate Program hosted the fourth annual Council on Foreign Relations conference on private-sector investment in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA), including Turkey and Iran. In past years, this conference series has been organized around the MENA Summits, of which the Council was a founding organizer and convener. This year, the conference, held at the Council’s headquarters in New York, was the only major event of its kind in 1999. It was a practical, business-oriented meeting for approximately two hundred executives from the United States, Europe, the Middle East, and elsewhere to showcase investment opportunities and discuss the key obstacles to doing business in the region. Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt, James D. Wolfenson, President of the World Bank, William Daley, Secretary of Commerce, and Bill Richardson, Secretary of Energy, were the keynote speakers.