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February 2006
| Authors: | Benn Steil, Senior Fellow and Director of International Economics Robert E. Litan, Vice President, Research and Policy, Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation |
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As trade flows expanded and trade agreements proliferated after World War II, governments—most notably the United States—increasingly came to use their power over imports and exports to influence the behavior of other countries. But trade is not the only way in which nations interact economically. Over the past two decades, another form of economic exchange has risen to a level of vastly greater significance and political concern: the purchase and sale of financial assets across borders.
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Academic Modules—featuring teaching notes by the authors of CFR publications—are designed to assist educators in creating or supplementing a course syllabus. The modules are customized packages built around a primary CFR text, such as a book or report, and include teaching notes; additional readings; video, audio, and transcripts of CFR meetings; Foreign Affairs articles; and other online resources. Use of these modules is free of charge. They may be used in part or in their entirety.
February 2006
Over the past two decades, another form of economic exchange besides imports and exports has risen to a level of vastly greater significance and political concern: the purchase and sale of financial assets across borders.
Financial Statecraft is a valuable text for graduate and advanced undergraduate courses in political economy and international relations. Written by two economists, the book exposes students to rigorous critical thinking about economic problems in the foreign policy realm.
The structure of Financial Statecraft provides instructors with a useful rubric for organizing classroom debate. The book comprises a microeconomic and macroeconomic section covering three topics each:
PART I: Microeconomics
PART II: Macroeconomics
Microeconomics
1. Consider the following hypothetical scenario. You are the U.S. secretary of state. Members of Congress are concerned about a Chinese company, ChinaTech, which is negotiating with the government of Iran to provide it with technology having important military applications. These members are pressing hard for ChinaTech to be barred from raising capital in the United States or from listing on a U.S. stock exchange. Prepare a memo to the president of the United States discussing the considerations involved in determining whether he should support these efforts or oppose them, and your view as to the position he should ultimately take.
Additional Reading:
2. Discuss the basic economic reasons which may justify governments setting minimum capital standards for banks. Then discuss the political challenges that arise when governments try to agree on international capital standards for banks operating cross-border, and the economic problems that political considerations can give rise to. Finally, discuss the approach you believe the United States should take in formulating international capital standards, explaining your economic and political reasoning.
Additional Readings:
3. Describe the sorts of changes that have taken place in the global economy over the past 25 years which might explain why the United States is trying to use control over financial markets and institutions in its foreign policy arsenal. Highlight the areas where you believe that financial statecraft is and is not promising. Explain your reasoning, giving some examples from recent history.
Additional Readings:
Macroeconomics
1. From the perspective of its own national interest, should the United States be concerned about currency crises abroad? In your answer, discuss the types of security, diplomatic, and economic concerns that may be relevant. Give some specific examples from recent history.
Additional Reading:
2. Throughout most of human history, money was gold or another valuable commodity, or bills and coins backed by them. Since the early 1970s, however, the world’s monetary system has been comprised of about 200 “fiat” currencies, mostly national, unbacked by anything with intrinsic value. Discuss the key economic and political issues involved for Latin American countries in deciding whether it is sensible to maintain their own national fiat currencies, or to “dollarize,” as Panama, Ecuador, and El Salvador have done. In your response, discuss how Argentina’s 2001 currency crisis influences your thinking.
Additional Readings:
3. When the International Monetary Fund is approached by a government to help it avoid a currency crisis, what are the key considerations that should influence the Fund’s decision making? Discuss the tensions between economic and political considerations, and short-term and long-term consequences.
Additional Readings:
September 10, 2004
Written by a group that combines extensive practical experience and analytical sharpness, the sixth title in the Geneva Reports on the World Economy series presents an overview of how cooperation has evolved, identifies its current limitations, and advances a number of proposals.
September 2005
Council Special Report No. 10
Twenty years ago, the United States was the world’s largest creditor nation, unsurpassed in its ownership of assets outside of its borders, even after deducting what foreigners owned inside its borders. Yet over the past two decades, America has been transformed into the world’s largest debtor nation.
February 22, 2006
Watch Arthur Levitt, Harvey Pitt, and William Donaldson, discuss ongoing moves toward greater global convergence on market regulatory standards, largely agreeing they are key to the success of U.S. financial markets.
February 22, 2006
Listen to Arthur Levitt, Harvey Pitt, and William Donaldson, discuss ongoing moves toward greater global convergence on market regulatory standards, largely agreeing they are key to the success of U.S. financial markets.
February 22, 2006
Four former chairmen of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, Richard Breeden, Arthur Levitt, Harvey Pitt, and William Donaldson, discuss ongoing moves toward greater global convergence on market regulatory standards, largely agreeing they are key to the success of U.S. financial markets.
February 7, 2006
European Commissioner for Market and Services Charlie McCreevy discusses current European economic and financial developments.
February 22, 2006
Assessing the SEC's changing role in a world where corporations increasingly operate across-borders and globally.
January 31, 2006
Two decades ago, the United States was the world's largest creditor; now it's the world's largest debtor. As Ben Bernanke assumes the post of Federal Reserve chairman, succeeding Alan Greenspan, opinion is split over how much America's profligacy actually matters.
February 22, 2006
Four former chairmen of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission have welcomed ongoing moves toward greater global convergence on market regulatory standards, saying they are key to the success of U.S. investors.
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