home > by publication type > backgrounders > A National ID Program for Iraq?
Email
| Author: | Lionel Beehner |
|---|
May 29, 2007
As U.S. lawmakers attempt to set out a series of benchmarks for their Iraqi counterparts to fulfill, some analysts point to a number of policing measures Washington could take to assist the government in Baghdad. One such step is the creation of a national identification program and database to help U.S. and Iraqi forces identify potential insurgents. Experts say the current system is haphazard, lacks biometrics, and is in desperate need of an overhaul. But U.S. military officials caution that carrying out a more systematic national ID program might be too painstaking and difficult, given the lack of security, the large numbers of Iraqis abroad, and the multitude of more pressing problems.
The program, as spelled out by some analysts, would provide Iraqis with identification cards, similar to U.S. drivers’ licenses, with biometric data like fingerprints to be presented at security checkpoints. A central database would be created to allow Iraqi or U.S. police or army officers, equipped with portable computer terminals, to run spot background checks. Max Boot, a CFR senior fellow, envisions that a nationwide census would be necessary, requiring government workers to go “house to house and find out who lives there.” He adds, “It’s a time-consuming process but it has to be done.”
It allows U.S. and Iraqi forces to identify insurgents who blend in with the civilian population. Currently Iraqis carry no identification, only food-rationing cards issued by the United Nations under its oil-for-food program during the 1990s. The cards lack biometric data and are outdated. Boot calls the national ID process “an essential prerequisite to a successful counterinsurgency.” Bing West, a former Marine and writer on Iraqi military issues, says “the lack of a biometric ID card [is] the greatest technical failure of the Iraq war.” In the United States, he says, police carry handheld devices that send fingerprints over radio and allows them to get quick responses. Border police have similar capabilities. But in Iraq, he says, “Our squads spend hundreds of thousands of hours conducting laborious censuses and entering digital photos on spreadsheets they design at the company level, with no means of collating their efforts.” Col. Mark A. Olson, director of the U.S. Army/Marines Corps Counterinsurgency Center at Fort Leavenworth, admits that part of the problem is that throughout Iraq, at various security checkpoints, “different services are using different devices and they don’t talk to each other.”
Boot points to bureaucratic inertia in the U.S. military. “The military feels like what they’re doing is already adequate,” he says. West thinks it stems from the Pentagon’s “senior ranks [who] do not know how powerful this tool would be and they keep believing techies who are feathering their nests and not solving the problem.” He says a four-star general in 2005 told him the program would “take too long,” estimating eighteen months to complete. Another common excuse he hears is it would be too expensive, requiring “digital pipes” that would run over $100 million. “This from a military that is spending twenty times that amount in Iraq each week,” West says. “I would never have believed the United States in the twenty-first century was susceptible to an urban insurgency because it would persist for five years without identifying the population.” U.S. military officials, however, point to a number of hurdles. “There’s great utility in it but it’s a huge, huge effort,” says Col. Olson. “If security was there, it’d be a great thing.” There are also cultural obstacles to conducting a census, he says. “There’s a culture [among Iraqis] of not trusting the government.”
Analysts point to a number of other problems with the program, aside from its costs.
It’s unclear. Boot says Gen. David Petraeus, who recently helped author the U.S. army’s manual on counterinsurgency, has admitted in private conversations it’s a good idea, but that the emphasis at the moment is on the surge in Baghdad. West hopes that the recently appointed “war czar,” Lt. Gen. Douglas Lute, “will cut through the pettifogging,” but admits “the track record is discouraging.” Experts say not much will be accomplished on this front until September, when Petraeus issues his report on the surge.
Boot says national ID databases have been an essential part of past successful counterinsurgencies. “A classic example is the Malayan emergency in the 1950s where the ability to ID the population proved crucial to the success of the Brits in putting down the communist uprising,” he says. Further, he cites the French officer David Galula’s 1964 classic book, Counterinsurgency Warfare: Theory and Practice: “Control of the population begins obviously with a thorough census. Every inhabitant must be registered and given a foolproof identity card.”
Weigh in on this issue by emailing CFR.org.
To order Task Force reports, Council Special Reports, and Critical Policy Choices, please call, fax, or order online from our distributor, the Brookings Institution Press: phone +1.800.537.5487, fax +1.410.516.6998.
For information on other reports that are not for sale, or for general publications information, please call +1.212.434.9516 or email publications@cfr.org.
Start-Up Nation addresses the trillion-dollar question: How is it that Israel—a country of 7.1 million, only sixty years old, surrounded by enemies— produces more start-up companies than large, peaceful, and stable nations like Japan, China, India, Korea, Canada, and the UK? With the insights of geopolitical experts and investors, the authors examine this nation’s adversity-driven culture to answer this question and offer prescriptions for a global economy on the rebound.
In Forces of Fortune, Vali Nasr presents a paradigm-changing revelation that will transform the understanding of the Muslim world at large. He reveals that there is a vital but unseen rising force in the Islamic world—a new business-minded middle class—that is building a vibrant new Muslim world economy and that holds the key to winning the cold war against Iran and extremists.
In Cuba: What Everyone Needs to Know, Julia E. Sweig presents a remarkably accessible portrait of Cuba's unique place on the world stage over the past fifty years, including its internal politics, its often fraught relationship with the United States, and its shifting relationship with the global community.
Complete list of CFR Books
The report of this bipartisan Task Force of distinguished leaders and experts represents a strong consensus on the importance of repairing America's immigration policy. It makes the case that maintaining America's political and economic leadership depends on attracting talented and hard-working immigrants, and on securing the country's borders in a smart, effective, and humane way.
This report finds that nuclear weapons will remain a fundamental element of U.S. national security in the near term, and makes recommendations on how to ensure the safety, security, and reliability of the U.S. deterrent nuclear force, prevent nuclear terrorism, and strengthen the nuclear nonproliferation regime.
About Independent Task Forces at CFR
Complete list of Task Force reports
Identifying international threats and acting on them may be the most difficult job for U.S. policymakers. This report
provides an actionable road map for managing international threats before they erupt into crises and makes a strong case that preventive action is not a luxury but a necessity.
For more than a decade, the United States has mostly watched from the sidelines as Asian countries organize themselves into an alphabet soup of new multilateral groups. In this report, the authors review the relationship between pan-Asian and trans-Pacific institutions and suggest policy guidelines for a new U.S. approach to this new Asian landscape.
Complete list of Council Special Reports
To request permission to reprint or reuse CFR material, please fill out this permissions request form (PDF), referring to the instructions on page 1.
Copyright 2009 by the Council on Foreign Relations. All Rights Reserved.