The Economic Community of West African States' (ECOWAS) Protocol on Free Movement of Persons, Residence, and Establishment was adopted on May 29, 1979.

The UN Secretary General Report on Peace and Development in Africa "on the implementation of the recommendations contained in the report of the Secretary-General on the causes of conflict and the promotion of durable peace and sustainable development in Africa" was released on July 20, 2010.

Osama bin Laden's killing helped spawn a crisis in Pakistan and left tough al-Qaeda-affiliated movements in the Mideast and Africa, says CFR's Linda Robinson.

Sudan and South Sudan appear to be on the brink of war. The United States and China must press both sides to return to the negotiating table, says CFR expert Jendayi Frazer.

The Nairobi Protocol for the Prevention, Control, and Reduction of Small Arms and Light Weapons in the Great Lakes Region and the Horn of Africa was adopted on April 21, 2004 in Nairobi, Kenya.

The Southern African Development Community (SADC) Protocol Against Corruption was adopted on August 14, 2001 and entered into force on July 6, 2005.

President Obama's move to strengthen efforts to prevent genocide and mass killings deserves credit, but must be given time to work properly, says CFR's Paul Stares.

The UN Security Council Presidential Statement on Peace and Security in Africa was issued on December 8, 2009.

Jeffrey Gettleman, East Africa bureau chief for the New York Times, examines African conflicts that have continued even without clear ideology and goals.

In a post-conflict analysis of the air strike campaign in Libya, NATO finds numerous flaws in its system impairing its efficiency, including over-reliance on the United States, faulty coordination, and numerous civilian casualties, reports the New York Times.

This January 2012 UN report from a special Secretary-General appointed mission to the Sahel region assesses the "scope of the threat of the Libyan crisis in the region and the national, regional and wider international capacities to respond to those challenges".

Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala puts forward three major challenges--creating jobs, investing in the human capital of the poor, and building institutions--that she expects to pursue if chosen to lead the World Bank.

Jagdish Bhagwati criticizes President Obama for nominating Jim Yong Kim to the World Bank presidency over candidates who would pursue pro-reform, pro-growth policies.

Robert M. Danin and Eugene Rogan with Gideon Rose assess the American interventions in countries like Libya, Tunisia, and Egypt. They say the American response was a 'reactive' one while Europe remained 'confused.'

Isobel Coleman, Ed Husain, and Michael Willis discuss the relationship between Islam and politics following the Arab uprisings, including how Islam affects women's and minority rights, democracy, and secularism.

This session was part of a CFR symposium, Implications of the Arab Uprisings, which was made possible by the generous support of Rita E. Hauser, and organized in cooperation with University of Oxford's St. Antony's College.

The Economic Community of West Africa (ECOWAS) Moratorium on the Importation, Exportation and Manufacture of Light Weapons was adopted on October 31, 1998.

The emerging BRICS economies agree that the West should hold less sway in the global economy. But their leaders, despite regular summits, have failed to articulate a coherent vision because of divergent interests, says journalist Martin Wolf.

The Ouagadougou Action Plan to Combat Trafficking in Human Beings, Especially Women and Children was adopted on November 23, 2006 by the EU and African states. The EU says, "It aims at developing co-operation, best practices and mechanisms to prevent and combat trafficking in human beings between the European Union and the African Union. The Action Plan takes a holistic human rights approach and includes measures also to protect the victims and prosecute the traffickers."

The African Union Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption was signed on July 11, 2003 and entered into force on May 8, 2006. It addresses the issue of corruption in African states

Leaders of the BRICS countries (Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China, and South Africa) made this declaration at the fourth BRICS Summit in New Delhi on March 29, 2012.