Europe

Primary Sources

French Government: White Paper on Defense and National Security

The French government published a white paper on June 17, 2008, which, according to its introduction, "substantially redefines French strategy in a 15-year perspective, embracing both defense and national security." On April 29, 2013, the government released its fourth defense reform paper, which freezes the budget, further reduces personnel and equipment in addition to 2008 cuts, and focuses on intelligence gathering, cyberwarfare, and drones.

See more in France; Defense Strategy

Foreign Affairs Article

The Church Undivided

Author: Victor Gaetan

Pope Benedict XVI made reaching out to other faiths and promoting Christian unity hallmarks of his tenure. Pope Francis will continue this work, not only because he has a history of facilitating religious dialogue, but also because global Catholicism requires it.

See more in Holy See/Vatican; Religion

Ask CFR Experts

How long will it take southern Europe to rebound from the eurozone crisis, and how will that affect the rest of Europe?

Asked by Jackson Ryan, from King HS

The debt crisis that has hammered southern Europe since 2010 will have long-lived economic effects, despite the moderation in Spanish and Italian government borrowing costs since the European Central Bank's "Outright Monetary Transactions" initiative last September.

Read full answer

See more in EU; Financial Crises

Op-Ed

A Turkey-Israel Opening

Authors: Charles A. Kupchan and Soli Ozel
International Herald Tribune

In the wake of President Obama's brokered telephone apology between Israeli Prime Minister Netanyahu and Turkish Prime Minister Erdogan, Charles Kupchan argues for new foundations to an Israeli-Turkish partnership.

See more in Turkey; Israel; United States

Video

Cyprus's Bailout: Three Things to Know

Speaker: Robert E. Rubin

Cyprus's last-minute bailout deal highlights the vulnerabilities in the island nation's financial system, as well as the flaws in the eurozone's ability to effectively respond to banking crises, says CFR's Robert E. Rubin.

See more in Cyprus

Transcript

Economic Prospects for the Eurozone

Speaker: Willem H. Buiter

Willem H. Buiter, chief economist at Citigroup, discusses break-up risk, sovereign debt restructuring, bank creditor bail-ins, debt mutualization, austerity, and growth in the Eurozone.

See more in EU; Economics