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September 1, 2009

Sub-Saharan Africa
The African Union

The African Union succeeded the old Organization for African Unity (OAU) in 2002. Since then, the new institution has struggled to reform governing bodies inherited from the OAU while shouldering cha…

March 16, 2010

United Kingdom
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists)

The provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, is an outgrowth of an older group known as the Irish Republican Army, which fought an insurgency that successfully challenged British rule in the whole …

July 19, 2023

United States
The Dollar: The World’s Reserve Currency

The dollar’s role as the primary reserve currency for the global economy allows the United States to borrow money more easily and impose painful financial sanctions. Other countries are beginning to …

Three $1 bills lie on top of one another, filling the frame.

November 1, 2005

Terrorism and Counterterrorism
Northern Ireland Loyalist Paramilitaries (U.K., extremists)

This publication is now archived. Who are Northern Ireland’s “loyalists”?Loyalists want Northern Ireland to remain part of the United Kingdom , and many are willing to support the use of violence to …

May 25, 2023

Middle East and North Africa
The Arab League

Founded as a loose confederation of states in 1945, the Arab League has struggled to overcome dysfunction and disunity among its members.

Flag of Arab League member states accompany the league's seal