{"id":34,"date":"2026-01-13T06:13:30","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T06:13:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cfrdevwp.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=34"},"modified":"2026-01-13T11:46:34","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T11:46:34","slug":"gulf-of-tonkin-resolution","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/gulf-of-tonkin-resolution\/","title":{"rendered":"Gulf of Tonkin Resolution"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the USS\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>, a destroyer operating in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. Two nights later, the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em> reported that it had come under fire again. President Lyndon B. Johnson responded to the news by ordering airstrikes on North Vietnam\u2014the first overt U.S. attack on the country. Johnson also asked Congress to endorse his decision to confront North Vietnamese aggression. Congress complied in less than seventy-two hours by passing the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. What members of Congress did not know was that much of what the Johnson administration told them about why the <em>Maddox\u00a0<\/em>was in the Gulf of Tonkin was untrue and that the second attack likely never occurred. Acting in haste and with bad information, Congress approved deepening U.S. involvement in what would become the Vietnam War. SHAFR historians ranked the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution as the ninth-worst U.S. foreign-policy decision.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>On August 2, 1964, North Vietnamese patrol boats attacked the USS\u00a0Maddox, a destroyer operating in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin off the coast of North Vietnam. Two nights later, the\u00a0Maddox reported that it had come under fire again. President Lyndon B. Johnson responded to the news by ordering airstrikes on North Vietnam\u2014the first [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1496,"menu_order":9,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-34","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-worst-decisions"],"acf":{"add_section":[{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"","add_section_content":"","add_image":2949,"image_position":"bottom","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"The Road to the Gulf of Tonkin","add_section_content":"The 1954 Geneva Conference ended French control of Indochina and proposed elections to create a unified Vietnamese state. Those elections were never held, and South Vietnam and North Vietnam became independent countries. In 1959, Communist-controlled North Vietnam launched an insurgency in South Vietnam led by the self-proclaimed National Liberation Force, which was better known to Americans by the pejorative name, \u201cViet Cong.\u201d The fighting exposed the ineffectiveness and unpopularity of the South Vietnamese government. Convinced it was essential to stop the spread of communism, the United States increased its commitment to South Vietnam. By the time of President John F. Kennedy\u2019s assassination in November 1963, the United States had sixteen thousand troops in South Vietnam.\r\n\r\nThe mission of the U.S. forces was\u00a0to train the South Vietnamese army to fight and not to fight themselves. But the U.S. military also supported a range of clandestine operations by the south against the north, including Operation Plan 34A (OPLAN), which sought to harass North Vietnam\u2019s coastal facilities to learn about North Vietnamese military operations and readiness. On the night of July 30, 1964, South Vietnamese commandos attacked two North Vietnamese islands near where the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0was patrolling.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Shots Fired (or Not)","add_section_content":"On August 2, the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0was operating in international waters in the Gulf of Tonkin, collecting\u00a0signals intelligence\u00a0on North Vietnam, when three North Vietnamese torpedo boats approached it. The\u00a0<em>Maddox\u00a0<\/em>fired warning shots, and a firefight ensued. The\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0drove off its attackers without suffering any significant damage.\r\n\r\nThe USS\u00a0<em>Turner Joy\u00a0<\/em>joined the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0on August 4. That night, the\u00a0<em>Maddox\u00a0<\/em>detected unidentified ships\u00a0approaching its position. The crew then reported incoming gunfire and torpedo attacks. For the next three hours, the\u00a0<em>Maddox\u00a0<\/em>and the\u00a0<em>Turner Joy\u00a0<\/em>fired at their attackers. But the\u00a0<em>Maddox\u2019s<\/em>\u00a0captain\u00a0began to doubt his ship was under attack. Enemy vessels would appear on sonar, vanish, and then materialize elsewhere, suggesting that either the ship\u2019s equipment was malfunctioning or that sonar operators were misreading what they were seeing. A U.S. Navy jet flying overhead saw no signs of North Vietnamese ships.","add_image":2928,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"LBJ Responds","add_section_content":"Johnson learned that the <em>Maddox <\/em>had reported coming under attack for a second time while he was at a National Security Council meeting on another matter. He spent several hours consulting with his advisors. They highlighted an intelligence intercept of a North Vietnamese patrol reporting the results of the attack to higher officials. Determined to act, LBJ conferred with congressional leaders, including his Republican opponent in the upcoming presidential election, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. The election influenced LBJ\u2019s thinking about what to do. He told some advisors that a forceful response would deny Goldwater the opportunity to paint him as soft on communism.\r\n\r\nAt 11:30 p.m. Washington, DC, time, Johnson\u00a0went on national television. He said that North Vietnam had launched an unprovoked attack on U.S. Navy ships operating in international waters. In retaliation, he had ordered air strikes\u00a0against North Vietnamese ships and support facilities. It was the first overt attack by U.S. forces against North Vietnam. Johnson added that he would ask \u201cCongress to pass a resolution making it clear that our Government is united in its determination to take all necessary measures in support of freedom and in defense of peace in southeast Asia.\u201d","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"videolink","add_section_title":"LBJ Responds","add_section_content":"Johnson learned that the <em>Maddox <\/em>had reported coming under attack for a second time while he was at a National Security Council meeting on another matter. He spent several hours consulting with his advisors. They highlighted an intelligence intercept of a North Vietnamese patrol reporting the results of the attack to higher officials. Determined to act, LBJ conferred with congressional leaders, including his Republican opponent in the upcoming presidential election, Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona. The election influenced LBJ\u2019s thinking about what to do. He told some advisors that a forceful response would deny Goldwater the opportunity to paint him as soft on communism.\r\n\r\nAt 11:30 p.m. Washington, DC, time, Johnson\u00a0went on national television. He said that North Vietnam had launched an unprovoked attack on U.S. Navy ships operating in international waters. In retaliation, he had ordered air strikes\u00a0against North Vietnamese ships and support facilities. It was the first overt attack by U.S. forces against North Vietnam. Johnson added that he would ask \u201cCongress to pass a resolution making it clear that our Government is united in its determination to take all necessary measures in support of freedom and in defense of peace in southeast Asia.\u201d","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"President Lyndon B. Johnson\u2019s Address to the Nation, August 4, 1964","video_link":"","youtube_link":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dc9gJvpV8xo&amp;t=1s"},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Johnson Goes to Congress","add_section_content":"Johnson wanted Congress to move swiftly. To speed things up and ensure he got the result he wanted, he submitted to Congress on August 5 the text of a resolution his advisors had drafted months earlier. The draft did not declare war; instead, it approved LBJ\u2019s determination \u201cto take all necessary measures\u201d to repel any further North Vietnamese \u201caggression,\u201d not just in Vietnam but anywhere in Southeast Asia and beyond. Johnson feared that declaring war would generate public pressure to invade North Vietnam. That might prompt China to intervene in the fighting, as it had during the Korean War.\r\n\r\nThe House of Representatives declined to hold hearings on the attacks and the draft resolution. The Senate, however, convened an emergency hearing on the morning of August 6 under the joint auspices of the Senate Armed Services and the Senate Foreign Relations committees. Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara testified that the <em>Maddox<\/em> had been conducting routine operations when it was attacked and accused North Vietnam of committing an \u201cunprovoked attack.\u201d A senator who had been tipped off about OPLAN 34 asked whether those operations had led to the attack on the <em>Maddox<\/em>. McNamara denied that U.S. forces had participated in any South Vietnamese military operations against North Vietnam.","add_image":2946,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"President Lyndon B. Johnson\u2019s Address to the Nation, August 4, 1964","video_link":"","youtube_link":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dc9gJvpV8xo&amp;t=1s"},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"\u201cIt Covers Everything\u201d","add_section_content":"The full Senate began debating the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on the afternoon of August 6. Senators spent little time discussing what had happened to the <em>Maddox<\/em>. They focused instead on whether the resolution empowered Johnson to use military force in Southeast Asia as he saw fit. Senator J. William Fulbright of Arkansas, the chair of the Foreign Relations Committee and an ally of LBJ, assured his colleagues that Johnson was not contemplating sending more U.S. troops to South Vietnam. Fulbright acknowledged, however, that \u201cthe language of the resolution would not prevent it.\u201d He was more emphatic in private, telling one Democratic colleague that the resolution was simply intended \u201cto pull the rug out from under Goldwater\u201d in the presidential race.\r\n\r\nAs the Senate resumed debate on August 7, the House took up the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. After just forty minutes of consideration, House members approved the resolution by a vote of 416 to 0. Shortly afterward, the Senate voted 88 to 2 to adopt the resolution. The Senate\u2019s debate had lasted for 8 hours and forty minutes. Congress\u2019s swift and overwhelming passage of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution delighted Johnson, who likened it to \u201ca grandmother\u2019s nightshirt: It covers everything.\u201d Johnson now had a free hand to deal with North Vietnam.","add_image":2903,"image_position":"right","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"What We Know Now ","add_section_content":"Johnson and his advisors told Congress and the nation that the attack on the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0was clear and unprovoked. Both claims were false. They knew that the captain of the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0doubted whether any attack had occurred at all. McNamara lied in his Senate testimony on August 6 when he denied knowing of any actions by the South Vietnamese navy that might have provoked North Vietnam. The captain of the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em>\u00a0was pressed to retract his reservations about the attack and some intelligence analysts were told to keep their doubts about the incident to themselves. The intelligence intercept that was seen as a smoking gun turned out to have been about the attack on August 2.\r\n\r\nJohnson knew that the United States was not blameless. Both McNamara and CIA Director John McCone told him they believed that North Vietnam attacked the\u00a0<em>Maddox<\/em> because they suspected it was supporting the South Vietnamese commando attack. LBJ also suspected, if he did not outright know, that the second attack did not occur. Shortly after the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution passed, he told an advisor, \u201cHell, those damn, stupid sailors were just shooting at flying fish.\u201d But Johnson said nothing about that to the American public.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"LBJ and McNamara discussing Gulf of Tonkin Incident","video_link":{"title":"Audio recordings of President Lyndon Johnson and Defense Secretary Robert McNamara discussing the Gulf of Tonkin Incident aftermath on August 4, 1964.","url":"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB132\/07%20Track%207.wma","target":""},"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"The Legacy of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution","add_section_content":"The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution embroiled the United States deeper in the Vietnam conflict. For the first time, the United States used force openly against North Vietnam. Despite having good reason to doubt whether the August 4 attack occurred, Johnson rushed to retaliate and to use the news as a pretext to push Congress into giving him open-ended authorization to use force. He won that congressional support by misrepresenting the circumstances surrounding the operations of the\u00a0<em>Maddox\u00a0<\/em>and by suppressing questions about the supposed attack. The truth came out several years later, fueling public distrust of the government and spurring talk of a \u201ccredibility gap.\u201d Congress repealed the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution in January 1971. By then, forty thousand U.S. servicemen and women, and hundreds of thousands of Vietnamese, had died. U.S. combat operations continued for two more years.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""}],"add_testimonials":[{"author_name":"Christopher McKnight Nichols","add_testimonial_content":"The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution's open-ended structure and specious claims regarding the security threat set the ball in motion for arguably the worst intervention in U.S. military and diplomatic history. The shadow of the loss for the U.S., for the Vietnamese, Laotians, Cambodians, and so many others, remains with us to this day.","add_university_department":"Wayne Woodrow \u201cWoody\u201d Hayes Chair in National Security Studies and Professor of History, The Ohio State University","add_image":1797},{"author_name":"Charlotte Brooks","add_testimonial_content":"The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was a blank check to wage a wicked war--all based on an incident that might not even have happened, and certainly didn't happen the way LBJ contended.","add_university_department":"Professor of History, Baruch College","add_image":1803},{"author_name":"Matthew Jagel","add_testimonial_content":"The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution was not only signed under a shadow (and false pretense), but it abrogated congressional oversight of war in Vietnam to the executive. The result was eight years of devastation for the United States and former French Indochina.","add_university_department":"Adjunct Instructor in History, Saint Xavier College","add_image":1806},{"author_name":"Gregory Graves","add_testimonial_content":"The deception involved in passing the Tonkin Gulf resolution proved critical not only to American involvement but also citizen's loss of trust in the government.","add_university_department":"Doctoral Candidate in the Department of History, George Washington University ","add_image":1813}],"learn_more_title":"Learn More","add_learn_more_content":"Primary documents, books, articles, and more on the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution. ","add_sources":[{"add_sources_title":"Primary Documents","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"National Archives, Tonkin Gulf Resolution, August 7, 1964","url":"https:\/\/www.archives.gov\/milestone-documents\/tonkin-gulf-resolution","target":""},"source_content":"The text of the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Lyndon B. Johnson, \u201cRadio and Television Report to the American People Following Renewed Aggression in the Gulf of Tonkin,\u201d August 4, 1964","url":"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/radio-and-television-report-the-american-people-following-renewed-aggression-the-gulf","target":""},"source_content":"The text of Johnson\u2019s address to the nation on the purported attack on the USS Maddox.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Lyndon B. Johnson, \u201cLBJ Tapes on the Gulf of Tonkin Incident\u201d","url":"https:\/\/nsarchive2.gwu.edu\/NSAEBB\/NSAEBB132\/tapes.htm","target":""},"source_content":"A collection of declassified audio recordings from Johnson\u2019s telephone conversations during the Gulf of Tonkin incident in August 1964.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Books","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Joseph C. Goulden, Truth Is the First Casualty: The Gulf of Tonkin Affair\u2014Illusion and Reality","url":"https:\/\/lemurpress.com\/books-products\/p\/truth-is-the-first-casualty-the-gulf-of-tonkin-affair-illusion-and-reality","target":""},"source_content":"Goulden examines the events surrounding the Gulf of Tonkin incident and the subsequent escalation of the Vietnam War.","source_image":1505},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Edwin E. Mo\u00efse, Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War","url":"https:\/\/edmoise.sites.clemson.edu\/tonkbook2.html#:~:text=The%20original%20edition%20of%20this,in%20context%2C%20was%20surprisingly%20limited.","target":""},"source_content":"Mo\u00efse uses interviews as well as U.S. and North Vietnamese records to explain what did and did not happen in the Gulf of Tonkin on the night of August 4, 1964.","source_image":1507},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Tal Tovy, The Gulf of Tonkin: The United States and the Escalation in the Vietnam War ","url":"https:\/\/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Gulf-of-Tonkin-The-United-States-and-the-Escalation-in-the-Vietnam-War%2FTovy%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138912199&amp;data=05%7C02%7COBerry%40cfr.org%7C5af1d156192c4153ddbb08de39cb9758%7C146cc3db32f24b3c815625bcc3553464%7C0%7C0%7C639011743728599328%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=wUAC8qUs3DPbRUK2dUcevmwsD%2FvAt9a6UvdyqDAjOjg%3D&amp;reserved=0","target":""},"source_content":"A military historian, Tovy explores the events and context that shaped how LBJ reacted to the Gulf of Tonkin incident.","source_image":2697}]},{"add_sources_title":"Articles","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Dale Andrad\u00e9 and Kenneth Conboy, \u201cThe Secret Side of the Tonkin Gulf Incident\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.usni.org\/magazines\/naval-history-magazine\/1999\/august\/secret-side-tonkin-gulf-incident","target":""},"source_content":"An examination of why the North Vietnamese did not view the USS Maddox\u2019s mission as distinct from the military operations of South Vietnamese commandos.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Pat Patterson, \u201cThe Truth About Tonkin\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.usni.org\/magazines\/naval-history-magazine\/2008\/february\/truth-about-tonkin","target":""},"source_content":"Paterson argues that declassified documents and recordings make clear that Johnson and his senior advisors distorted the facts of what happened in the Gulf of Tonkin and deceived the American public.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"National Security Agency, \u201cSkunks, Bogies, Silent Hounds, and the Flying Fish: The Gulf of Tonkin Mystery, 2\u20134 August 1964\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.nsa.gov\/portals\/75\/documents\/news-features\/declassified-documents\/gulf-of-tonkin\/articles\/release-1\/rel1_skunks_bogies.pdf","target":""},"source_content":"A declassified National Security Agency study that concludes that the August 4 attack on the USS Maddox did not happen.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Adam Wernick and Steve Atlas, \u201cWhat Really Happened in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964?\u201d","url":"https:\/\/theworld.org\/stories\/2017\/09\/11\/gulf-tonkin","target":""},"source_content":"An examination of Johnson\u2019s decision-making during the Gulf of Tonkin crisis that includes audio excerpts from his conversations with his advisors.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Documentaries and Short Videos","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Forgotten History, \u201cTruth About the Gulf of Tonkin Incident\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=-_r1uPWIBLQ","target":""},"source_content":"A seventeen-minute discussion of the events in the Gulf of Tonkin in early August 1964.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"History Channel, \u201cThe Gulf of Tonkin Resolution\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gMhx8R7IL8M","target":""},"source_content":"A look at how Johnson used the attacks on the USS Maddox\u2014one real and one questionable\u2014to persuade Congress to pass the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"The Vietnam War, \u201cGulf of Tonkin Resolution\u201d","url":"http:\/\/indiana.pbslearningmedia.org\/resource\/fb9582a2-4c61-42ad-b4c9-9de446045c4a\/gulf-of-tonkin-resolution-video-ken-burns-lynn-novick-the-vietnam-war\/","target":""},"source_content":"A five-minute excerpt from Ken Burns\u2019s acclaimed Vietnam documentary that focuses on the Gulf of Tonkin incident.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Lectures and Podcasts","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Cold War Conversations, \u201cThe Truth About the Gulf of Tonkin Incident That Sparked the Vietnam War\u202f\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w9DbFr2N_Pc","target":""},"source_content":"A fifty-minute look at the Gulf of Tonkin incident.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Everything, Everywhere, \u201cThe Gulf of Tonkin Incident\u201d","url":"https:\/\/everything-everywhere.com\/the-gulf-of-tonkin-incident\/#:~:text=Years%20after%20the%20war%2C%20in,August%204%20attack%20never%20happened.","target":""},"source_content":"A seventeen-minute examination of what happened in the Gulf of Tonkin and how the United States reacted.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Dr. Edwin E. Mo\u00efse, \u201cThe Tonkin Gulf and the Escalation of the Vietnam War\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=a5swO0BhA8Q","target":""},"source_content":"Mo\u00efse explains that while the first Gulf of Tonkin incident was a genuine skirmish, the second reported attack almost certainly did not happen.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Nixon at War, \u201cLBJ\u2019s War\u2014The Tonkin Incident(s)\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.everand.com\/podcast\/418246367\/2-The-Tonkin-Incident-s-Twice-in-six-weeks-in-the-late-summer-of-1964-U-S-destroyers-reported-they-were-under-unprovoked-attack-by-North-Vietn","target":""},"source_content":"A twenty-three-minute look at the Gulf of Tonkin incident that includes numerous audio clips of conversations Johnson had with his advisors.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Timeline","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"The History Place, \u201cThe Vietnam War: America Commits, 1961-1964\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.historyplace.com\/unitedstates\/vietnam\/index-1961.html","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""}]}],"add_bottom_title":"","add_bottom_image":"","add_background_image":"","add_bottom_button":"","add_year":"1964"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/build.mini.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/USS_Maddox_gov_img.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=34"}],"version-history":[{"count":59,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3284,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/34\/revisions\/3284"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1496"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=34"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=34"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=34"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}