On April 3, 1948, President Harry Truman signed into law the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, better known as the Marshall Plan. Named after its main proponent, Secretary of State George C. Marshall, the law authorized one of the largest foreign aid programs in history. From 1948 to 1951, the United States provided sixteen countries in Western Europe $13.2 billion in assistance\u2014equivalent to roughly $180 billion today\u2014to buy food and goods and to invest in their infrastructure and industry. The Marshall Plan revitalized postwar Europe, blunted Soviet influence in Western Europe, encouraged intra-European cooperation, and cemented the United States\u2019 leadership of the transatlantic alliance. SHAFR Historians ranked the Marshall Plan as the best U.S. foreign-policy decision.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
On April 3, 1948, President Harry Truman signed into law the Economic Cooperation Act of 1948, better known as the Marshall Plan. Named after its main proponent, Secretary of State George C. Marshall, the law authorized one of the largest foreign aid programs in history. From 1948 to 1951, the United States provided sixteen countries […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":1174,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-50","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-best-decisions"],"acf":{"add_section":[{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Europe on the Edge of Collapse","add_section_content":"World War II devastated Europe. Recovery proved difficult. The winter of 1946\u201347 was one of the harshest in memory, and the 1947 spring harvest was the worst since the nineteenth century. Moved by Europe's difficulties, Truman increasingly worried that the victory the United States had won at great cost on the battlefield would soon be lost. In March 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill warned of an \u201cIron Curtain\u201d descending on Eastern Europe. A year later, a civil war in Greece, which pitted communist-led rebels against the established government, led Truman to pledge to send assistance to Greece and Turkey.\r\n\r\nThe struggle to rebuild raised fears that Communist parties might take power in Western Europe at the ballot box, increasing Soviet influence over the continent. Communists were already part of coalition governments in France and Italy. Determined to prevent that outcome and also worried that communists might try to seize power by force with Soviet help, Truman sought to develop a broader plan. He hoped to position Western Europe as a bulwark against Soviet expansion and ensure that it remained politically and economically aligned with the United States.","add_image":879,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Crafting a Plan","add_section_content":"Truman tapped Secretary of State George C. Marshall to devise the administration\u2019s response. He had vast experience with difficult problems. As chief of staff of the U.S. Army during World War II, he had organized the largest expansion and modernization of the U.S. military in history and oversaw the overall war effort. In April 1947, he directed his staff to develop a plan to spur European economic recovery. His advice to George Kennan, who led the effort as the head of the State Department\u2019s new Policy Planning Staff, was simple: \u201cAvoid trivia.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe sense of urgency was high. Under secretary of State for Economic Affairs William L. Clayton returned from a trip to Europe in May warning that \u201cwithout further prompt and substantial aid from the United States, economic, social and political disintegration will overwhelm Europe.\u201d Americans would feel the impact as the United States lost valuable export markets, which might send the U.S. economy into recession. The State Department had to move quickly.","add_image":1176,"image_position":"right","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"quote","add_section_title":"","add_section_content":"","add_image":null,"image_position":false,"background":false,"quote_content":"Let us admit right off, that our objective has as its background the needs and interests of the people of the United States. We need markets\u2014big markets\u2014in which to buy and sell.","quote_footer":"William L. Clayton, Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Who Should Benefit?","add_section_content":"The core idea of the plan that Marshall and his advisors developed was as simple as it was bold: the United States would help rebuild Europe if the Europeans agreed to develop a plan for reconstruction. But that raised an immediate question: Which European countries would be eligible for U.S. aid? Marshall knew that Congress would reject his plan if it meant sending aid to the Soviet Union and Communist governments in Eastern Europe. But he also knew that the United States needed to avoid creating the impression that it was trying to divide Europe.\r\n\r\nMarshall decided to make the offer to all of Europe. He had not gone soft on communism. Instead, he calculated that Joseph Stalin would reject the aid offer because it would require the Soviet Union and its satellite countries to open up their economies to Western inspection. Marshall was right.","add_image":927,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"A Bold Vision","add_section_content":"Marshall and his team had their plan ready by late May. The question then turned to how to unveil it to the United States and the world. They decided to accept a long-standing invitation from Harvard University to award Marshall an honorary degree.\r\n\r\nOn June 5, 1947, a crowd of fifteen thousand\u2014including fellow honorees T.S. Eliot, J. Robert Oppenheimer, and General Omar Bradley\u2014filled Harvard Yard to capacity. Marshall took less than eleven minutes to deliver his remarks. Much of the speech recounted the challenges Europe faced recovering from World War II. After noting that it was \u201cthe business of the Europeans\u201d to lead in devising a recovery plan, he made his pitch: \"The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all European nations.\u201d\r\n\r\nMost of Marshall\u2019s audience did not immediately grasp the significance of what one senator would later call the \u201celectric effect\u201d of \u201ca few sentences in a quiet sequence.\u201d In the months to come, they would.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"videolink","add_section_title":"Persuading Congress","add_section_content":"Truman submitted a fleshed-out version of Marshall\u2019s plan to Congress in December 1947. The political winds seemed unfriendly. Truman\u2019s personal popularity was sagging. Republicans controlled both houses of Congress, and their relations with the Democratic president were strained. Moreover, 1948 was a presidential election year.\r\n\r\nConservative and isolationist lawmakers bristled at the idea of sending taxpayer dollars overseas, arguing that Europe\u2019s problems were Europe\u2019s to solve. Others warned that no matter how noble the purpose, foreign aid would divert funds from domestic programs, increase government spending, interfere with the operation of free markets, and create dependency rather than foster self-sufficiency. And some members of Congress asked why the United States should aid former adversaries Germany and Italy.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"The role of this country should consist of friendly aid in the drafting of a European program and of later support of such a program so far as it may be practical for us to do so. The program should be a joint one, agreed to by a number, if not all European nations.","quote_footer":"George C. Marshall, Harvard University Commencement 1947","video_title":"Secretary of State George C. Marshall Delivers an Address at Harvard University, June 5, 1947","video_link":"","youtube_link":"https:\/\/youtu.be\/ML7LpdTFcwg?si=rbzYW-dRjFw90HJB"},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Persuading Congress","add_section_content":"Truman submitted a fleshed-out version of Marshall\u2019s plan to Congress in December 1947. The political winds seemed unfriendly. Truman\u2019s personal popularity was sagging. Republicans controlled both houses of Congress, and their relations with the Democratic president were strained. Moreover, 1948 was a presidential election year.\r\n\r\nConservative and isolationist lawmakers bristled at the idea of sending taxpayer dollars overseas, arguing that Europe\u2019s problems were Europe\u2019s to solve. Others warned that no matter how noble the purpose, foreign aid would divert funds from domestic programs, increase government spending, interfere with the operation of free markets, and create dependency rather than foster self-sufficiency. And some members of Congress asked why the United States should aid former adversaries Germany and Italy.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"A Critical Ally","add_section_content":"Truman and Marshall had one critical congressional ally, Senator Arthur Vandenberg of Michigan. He chaired the Senate Foreign Relations Committee and was a potential Republican presidential candidate. Before Pearl Harbor, he had opposed becoming entangled in European affairs. But the war convinced him that the United States could no longer afford to turn its back on events overseas. Vandenberg worked closely with the administration on the draft legislation.\r\n\r\nAt Vandenberg\u2019s behest, the Truman administration provided Congress with detailed reports on the dire conditions in Europe. The administration also sent officials across the country to explain why the Marshall Plan was needed and enlisted business leaders and local officials to press the case that U.S. aid was not charity but a hardheaded and effective way to repel communist influence and expand markets for American-made goods. Continued news of Soviet intimidation of Europe also helped make the case. The Senate passed the Marshall Plan by a margin of 69 to 17. The House passed it by a margin of 329 to 74. On April 3, 1948, Truman signed it into law.","add_image":1178,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Europe Rebuilt","add_section_content":"The United States allocated $13.2 billion (equivalent to roughly $180 billion in 2025 dollars) in grants and loans to sixteen European countries, including France, Italy, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom, and West Germany, over the next four years. As Marshall envisioned, European countries generated their own recovery plans and cooperated to allocate resources. Much of the aid went to rebuild railroads, highways, bridges, and factories destroyed during the war. Other aid provided food, oil, coal, and industrial machinery. But the Marshall Plan also funded activities ranging from medicine for tuberculosis, equipment for Portugal\u2019s cod-fishing fleet, and sending Europeans to the United States to study advanced industrial and farming techniques.\r\n\r\nThe Marshall Plan\u2019s impact was dramatic. By 1952, every recipient country had seen its gross domestic product (GDP) surpass pre-war levels, food shortages ended, and the quality of life improved. That turnaround cannot be attributed solely to the Marshall Plan. While the amount of U.S. aid was large in absolute terms, it was small relative to the overall size of European economies. But it inspired confidence in the future and spurred other public and private investment. The Marshall Plan also encouraged European economic integration, enabling each country to grow faster than it would have in isolation. In particular, the plan helped establish the European Coal and Steel Community in 1951, which evolved into what we know today as the European Union. The creation of NATO, which was established one year and one day after Congress passed the Marshall Plan, also helped spur economic recovery by providing Europe with a vital security reassurance.\r\n\r\nWestern Europe\u2019s economic growth in turn shored up its fragile democracies. Falling unemployment, rising wages, and improved living standards diminished the appeal of the radical proposals that Communist parties offered and left less room for the Soviet Union to meddle. Center-left and center-right parties flourished. Europe\u2019s political crisis passed.","add_image":1750,"image_position":"right","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Legacy of the Marshall Plan","add_section_content":"The Marshall Plan jump-started Western Europe\u2019s economic recovery, helped democratic governments weather difficult economic times, and blunted Soviet influence. As Marshall recognized from the start, U.S. aid solved major humanitarian problems\u00a0and<\/em>\u00a0benefited the United States. Europeans were able to buy far more of what U.S. farmers and manufacturers produced, to the benefit of people on both sides of the Atlantic. The Marshall Plan also became a foundational anchor to the transatlantic relationship that has been a core pillar of U.S. foreign policy for more than eighty years.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""}],"add_testimonials":[{"author_name":"Ian Van Dyke","add_testimonial_content":"The Marshall Plan not only helped ensure stability of Western allies in Europe in the short term, it helped sow the seeds for long-term stability and prosperity in Europe that have remained to this day. By shouldering responsibility for rebuilding Europe after World War II, the U.S. demonstrated that it would not repeat the mistakes of a punitive postwar settlement that occurred after World War I.","add_university_department":"Visiting Assistant Professor, Grand Valley State University","add_image":1188},{"author_name":"Max Paul Friedman","add_testimonial_content":"The Marshall Plan harnessed American economic power to strategically rebuild a key global area of shared interest, winning a generation of friendship and two generations or more of allies in Europe while contributing substantially to the growth of important markets for U.S. exports. It became the textbook case of how foreign aid is not charity but can serve the national interest.","add_university_department":"Professor of History and Professor of International Relations, American University","add_image":1213},{"author_name":"Alexandra Penler","add_testimonial_content":"The Marshall Plan and NATO both brought significant goodwill to the United States, which is something that has to be taken into consideration. In so much of U.S. history, it has defended democracy and provided aid for health, food, and reconstruction which increases its soft power. This tends to earn goodwill, which the U.S., like any great power, has needed.","add_university_department":"Oman Desk Officer, U.S. Department of State","add_image":1220},{"author_name":"Lauren Turek","add_testimonial_content":"The Marshall Plan engendered good will toward the United States and allowed it to assist the involved nations in recovery; the Marshall Plan helped the United States shore up its trading partners and build a community of democratic capitalist states.","add_university_department":"Associate Professor of History, Trinity University","add_image":1788}],"learn_more_title":"Learn More","add_learn_more_content":"Primary documents, books, articles, and more on the Marshall Plan.","add_sources":[{"add_sources_title":"Primary Documents","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"George Kennan, Memorandum, \u201cThe Director of the Policy Planning Staff to the Under Secretary of State,\u201d May 23, 1947","url":"https:\/\/www.marshallfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/First_Recommendation_Policy_Planning_Staff_Aid_to_Western_Europe_Kennan_to_Acheson_May_23_19.pdf","target":""},"source_content":"The text of Director of Policy Planning George Kennan's memo to Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson for aid to Western Europe.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Will Clayton, Memorandum by the Under Secretary of State for Economic Affairs, \u201cThe European Crisis,\u201d May 27, 1947","url":"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/historicaldocuments\/frus1947v03\/d136","target":""},"source_content":"The text of the memorandum that Under secretary of State for Economic Affairs William L. Clayton wrote warning that \u201cwithout further prompt and substantial aid from the United States, economic, social and political disintegration will overwhelm Europe.\u201d","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"The George C. Marshall Foundation, \u201cThe Marshall Plan Speech (Audio and Text),\u201d June 5, 1947","url":"https:\/\/www.marshallfoundation.org\/the-marshall-plan\/speech\/","target":""},"source_content":"The audio and text of Marshall\u2019s commencement address at Harvard University.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Harry S. Truman, \u201cSpecial Message to the Congress on the Marshall Plan,\u201d December 17, 1947","url":"https:\/\/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/special-message-the-congress-the-marshall-plan&data=05%7C02%7COBerry%40cfr.org%7C4a22c23967cf49804de808dd8e4603e7%7C146cc3db32f24b3c815625bcc3553464%7C0%7C0%7C638823153548742002%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=AazMOIGxyVaukKYMypHamwK535%2BUUFEbwVSbaOIi96Y%3D&reserved=0","target":""},"source_content":"The text of Truman\u2019s formal request that Congress approve the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Books","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Greg Behrman, The Most Noble Adventure: The Marshall Plan and How America Helped Rebuild Europe","url":"https:\/\/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A\/\/www.simonandschuster.com\/books\/The-Most-Noble-Adventure\/Greg-Behrman\/9780743282642\/&data=05%7C02%7COBerry%40cfr.org%7C5eca8e7ab2e140b36d3f08dd8e4d7493%7C146cc3db32f24b3c815625bcc3553464%7C0%7C0%7C638823185505205659%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=YLMU\/1CCG3SqhbceqTAwU0aRYIcNeMSulTXDWoxigh4%3D&reserved=0","target":""},"source_content":"Berhman offers a character-driven history of the Marshall Plan.","source_image":1229},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Gregory A. Fossedal, Our Finest Hour: Will Clayton, the Marshall Plan, and the Triumph of Democracy","url":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books\/about\/Our_Finest_Hour.html?id=Kc1mAAAAMAAJ","target":""},"source_content":"The biography of a successful cotton-broker-turned-government-official who played a critical role shaping the Marshall Plan as under secretary of state for economic affairs.","source_image":1809},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Joseph Marion Jones, The Fifteen Weeks: An Inside Account of the Genesis of the Marshall Plan","url":"https:\/\/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A\/\/www.harpercollins.com\/products\/fifteen-weeks-joseph-marion-jones%3Fvariant%3D39937684897826&data=05%7C02%7COBerry%40cfr.org%7C5eca8e7ab2e140b36d3f08dd8e4d7493%7C146cc3db32f24b3c815625bcc3553464%7C0%7C0%7C638823185505176186%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&sdata=kWeyRUkFJ86ixIsXuln2zj8Gr3i4sDybEoBQZ2qx0Z0%3D&reserved=0","target":""},"source_content":"A member of the State Department team that drew up the Marshall Plan, Jones tells the story of how the plan came together.","source_image":1232},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Benn Steil, The Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War","url":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/book\/marshall-plan?_gl=1*fokl7n*_gcl_au*MTU2MTE2MDc0MC4xNzYyMjUzMTI4*_ga*MTUzMDA4Njk2MS4xNzYyMjUzMTI4*_ga_24W5E70YKH*czE3NjIyNTMxMjgkbzEkZzEkdDE3NjIyNTgxMjMkajMyJGwwJGgw","target":""},"source_content":"Steil explores the history behind the Marshall Plan and its legacy for both Europe and the United States.","source_image":863}]},{"add_sources_title":"Articles","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Amy Garrett, \u201cHelping Europe Help Itself: The Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/afsa.org\/helping-europe-help-itself-marshall-plan","target":""},"source_content":"Garrett discusses the vast economic and political efforts that went into the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Henry A. Kissinger, \u201cReflections on the Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2015\/05\/reflections-on-the-marshall-plan\/","target":""},"source_content":"The former secretary of state assesses the legacy of the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Robert E. Smith, \u201cHarvard Hears of the Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.marshallfoundation.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/04\/Copyright-The-Harvard-Crimson-2015.pdf","target":""},"source_content":"A recounting of what happened in Harvard Yard on June 5, 1947.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"The National World War II Museum, \u201cThe Marshall Plan and Postwar Economic Recovery\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.nationalww2museum.org\/war\/articles\/marshall-plan-and-postwar-economic-recovery","target":""},"source_content":"A look at the people and policies of the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Colleen Walsh, \u201cBirth of a Peaceful Europe\u201d","url":"https:\/\/news.harvard.edu\/gazette\/story\/2017\/05\/70-years-ago-a-harvard-commencement-speech-outlined-the-marshall-plan-and-calmed-a-continent\/","target":""},"source_content":"A retelling of how a seemingly unremarkable speech turned out to be one of the most consequential commencement addresses in history.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Documentaries and Short Videos","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"CFR.org, \u201cThe Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=a9563jqyhzE","target":""},"source_content":"A look at the legacy of the Marshall Plan and how it rebuilt Europe.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"CNN, \u201cMarshall Plan, 1947\u20131952\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Tb5CjayCk7E","target":""},"source_content":"An examination of the Marshall Plan and its importance in rebuilding Europe.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Megaprojects, \u201cThe Marshall Plan: Rebuilding Europe in the Shadow of Communism\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1hyYdBtJZEw","target":""},"source_content":"A look at the history of the Marshall Plan and its legacy with the rise of communism and the Cold War.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"The Cold War, \u201cThe Marshall Plan Documentary\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qv5Z0JccHmQ","target":""},"source_content":"An examination of how the Marshall Plan helped rebuild Western Europe and established the United States as the leader of the transatlantic alliance.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Lectures and Podcasts","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"American Academy in Berlin, \u201cThe Marshall Plan: Dawn of the Cold War\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EhHiWBje45E","target":""},"source_content":"Economic historian Benn Steil discusses the Marshall Plan\u2019s ambitious goals and their relationship to the onset of the Cold War.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"CFR.org, \u201cThe Legacy of the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/event\/lessons-history-series-legacy-truman-doctrine-and-marshall-plan?_gl=1*mkq13j*_gcl_au*MTU2MTE2MDc0MC4xNzYyMjUzMTI4*_ga*MTUzMDA4Njk2MS4xNzYyMjUzMTI4*_ga_24W5E70YKH*czE3NjIyNTMxMjgkbzEkZzEkdDE3NjIyNTg5NzAkajM4JGwwJGgw","target":""},"source_content":"Historians Timothy G. Ash, Mary E. Sarotte, and Benn Steil discuss the legacy of the Truman Doctrine and the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"History of the Cold War Podcast, \u201cThe Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/historyofthecoldwarpodcast.com\/website\/episode-9-marshall-plan","target":""},"source_content":"A discussion of why the Marshall Plan was necessary to rebuild Europe and its legacy today.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Planet Money, \u201cThe Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.npr.org\/transcripts\/758392077","target":""},"source_content":"This discussion follows the history of the Marshall Plan, its namesake, and how it shaped Europe for the Cold War.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Truman Library Institute, \u201cOut of the Archives: The Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=66SOlFRWyhU","target":""},"source_content":"Mark Adams discusses the human aspect of the Marshall Plan.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Timeline and Websites","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Library of Congress, \u201cKey Dates for the Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/exhibits\/marshall\/marsh-dates.html","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"George C. Marshall Foundation, \u201cMarshall Plan History\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.marshallfoundation.org\/the-marshall-plan\/history\/","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"History.com, \u201cThe Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.history.com\/articles\/marshall-plan","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Harry S. Truman Library and Museum, \u201cTruman and the Marshall Plan\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.trumanlibrary.gov\/library\/online-collections\/truman-marshall-plan","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""}]}],"add_bottom_title":"","add_bottom_image":"","add_background_image":"","add_bottom_button":"","add_year":"1948"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/build.mini.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/10\/hstsigning.jpg","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=50"}],"version-history":[{"count":40,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3769,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/50\/revisions\/3769"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=50"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=50"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=50"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}