{"id":61,"date":"2026-01-13T06:00:01","date_gmt":"2026-01-13T06:00:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cfrdevwp.wpenginepowered.com\/?p=61"},"modified":"2026-01-13T11:44:45","modified_gmt":"2026-01-13T11:44:45","slug":"indian-removal-act","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/indian-removal-act\/","title":{"rendered":"Indian Removal Act"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>White settlers in the United States in the early nineteenth century coveted the land held by Native Americans. The U.S. government initially sought to limit the resulting conflict by treating Native American tribes as sovereign nations and negotiating treaties that established the boundaries of their lands. The U.S. government generally did little, however, to force settlers to respect the terms of treaties. Instead, Washington frequently imposed new treaties on Native Americans with even less favorable terms. With tensions between the two communities increasing, enthusiasm grew in the United States for expelling Native Americans from their ancestral lands. In 1830, Congress passed, at President Andrew Jackson&#8217;s request, the Indian Removal Act. Over the next two decades, the U.S. government repudiated its solemn treaty obligations and forced as many as one hundred thousand Native Americans living east of the Mississippi to relocate to smaller lands west of the Mississippi. SHAFR historians ranked the Indian Removal Act as the third-worst U.S. foreign policy decision.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>White settlers in the United States in the early nineteenth century coveted the land held by Native Americans. The U.S. government initially sought to limit the resulting conflict by treating Native American tribes as sovereign nations and negotiating treaties that established the boundaries of their lands. The U.S. government generally did little, however, to force [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":2373,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_cloudinary_featured_overwrite":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[4],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-61","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-worst-decisions"],"acf":{"add_section":[{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Treaties and Native Americans","add_section_content":"At its founding, the United States treated Native American tribes as sovereign nations. It signed treaties with tribal leaders that were reviewed and approved by the Senate as any other treaty would be. That treaty-making had two major objectives. First and foremost, it sought to solidify white land claims and wrap them in the cloak of legality. It also sought to defuse tensions between Native Americans and white settlers by establishing borders and regulating commercial exchanges.\r\n\r\nThe treaty-making achieved the first objective and failed to achieve the second. Settlers hungered for land, and the U.S. government seldom acted to stop them. Instead, it pressed Native American tribes to renegotiate treaties and accept even less. As with the original treaties, the revised agreements were often reached through bribery and coercion. With the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson proposed a different solution to end conflict between the settlers and Native Americans: encouraging Native Americans living east of the Mississippi River to settle in lands in the west. Jefferson never acted on his proposal, but it resonated with many Americans, especially in the South.","add_image":2344,"image_position":"bottom","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Andrew Jackson","add_section_content":"Andrew Jackson took office in March 1829. He had gained fame by defeating the Upper Creek (Red Stick) Indians in 1814 at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend in present-day Alabama, forcing them to cede nearly half their lands to the United States. He added to his fame by leading campaigns against the Seminoles in Florida. Like many Americans of his time, he dismissed Native Americans as \u201csavages\u201d who should give way to settlers who would develop the vast riches of the land. It did not matter to him or most of his supporters that many Native Americans had adopted white customs and practices.\r\n\r\nJackson vigorously opposed treating Native American tribes as sovereign nations and negotiating treaties with them. He argued it was unconstitutional because it allowed sovereign entities to exist within the United States. In his view, Native Americans held no special status and should be subject to the laws of the states in which they resided. He also noted that treaties with Native Americans placed a disproportionate burden on the South. Few such treaties had been struck with Native American tribes in the Northeast\u2014their lands had already been overrun.","add_image":2345,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Jackson\u2019s Call for Removal","add_section_content":"Jackson made relocating Native Americans west of the Mississippi one of his campaign promises in the 1828 election. Upon taking office, he informed Native American leaders that he would not countenance independent governments within the confines of the United States. In December 1829, he asked Congress to consider \u201cthe propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi\u201d for Native Americans, with \u201ceach tribe having a distinct control over the portion designated for its use.\u201d He added that \u201cthis emigration should be voluntary, for it would be as cruel as unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land.\u201d\r\n\r\nJackson argued that relocating Native Americans would benefit the United States by placing \u201ca dense and civilized population in large tracts of country now occupied by a few savage hunters\u201d and \u201cstrengthen\u201d the southwestern frontier against foreign invasion. But he also saw relocating Native Americans as the only just and humane option the United States had. He believed that the expulsion, assimilation, or annihilation of Native Americans was inevitable, as their demise in northern states had demonstrated. \u201cHumanity has often wept over the fate of the aborigines of this country and philanthropy has long been busily employed in devising means to avert it, but its progress has never for a moment been arrested.\u201d Relocation, he insisted, offered Native Americans the chance to preserve their ways of life.","add_image":3528,"image_position":"right","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Congress Debates","add_section_content":"Opposition to Jackson\u2019s proposal came mostly from northern lawmakers and Christian missionaries. Notable opposition outside of the North came from former Speaker of the House Henry Clay, who was still a formidable political figure despite being out of office, and legendary frontiersman and Tennessee Congressman Davy Crockett. Jackson\u2019s opponents argued that removing Native Americans violated both the treaties the United States had signed and the basic laws of morality. Crockett declared that his opposition to the Indian Removal Act would \u201cnot make me ashamed in the Day of Judgment.\u201d\r\n\r\nJackson\u2019s proposal was popular in the South, where white settlers stood to be the biggest beneficiaries. Georgia had argued since it relinquished lands west of its present-day borders to the U.S. government in 1802 that it was not obligated to observe the sovereignty of Native American nations. Georgia had a particular dispute with the Cherokee nation. That animosity grew when gold was discovered on Cherokee land in 1828. Many southerners viewed northern opposition to removal plans as hypocrisy, given that they had overrun the Native American peoples living among them.","add_image":2347,"image_position":"right","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Congressional Passage","add_section_content":"The Senate passed the Indian Removal Act on April 24, 1830 by a vote of 28 to 19. The House of Representatives followed suit on May 26, though by the narrower vote of 101 to 97. Jackson signed the bill two days later. The seven-hundred-word law authorized him to give federal land west of the Mississippi to Native American tribes willing to relinquish their lands east of the Mississippi. The law also authorized him to provide \u201csuch\u202faid and assistance\u201d as Native Americans might need \u201cto enable them to remove to, and settle in, the country for which they may have exchanged.\u201d\r\n\r\nThe Indian Removal Act did not authorize Jackson or anyone else to force Native Americans from their lands. However, contrary to Jackson\u2019s claims, Native Americans were not free to choose as they wished. Emboldened by passage of the act, settler encroachment on their lands intensified. The tribes knew that neither the federal government nor state governments would intervene on their behalf, especially in the South, and their situation would likely only get worse.","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":true,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"","add_section_content":"","add_image":2348,"image_position":"bottom","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"Implementation","add_section_content":"As many as one hundred thousand Native Americans from eighteen tribes were relocated under the Indian Removal Act. Some northern tribes such as the Kickapoo, Potawatomi, and Wyandot traded their homelands for land in Kansas. Members of other tribes, including the Delaware, Shawnee, and Miami, were forcibly moved to what was then called Indian Territory and is now Oklahoma.\r\n\r\nThe primary impact of the Indian Removal Act, however, fell on the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole living in the southeastern United States. Known as the Five Civilized Tribes because of their willingness to adopt many European-American practices, their land was coveted by white settlers looking to grow profitable crops such as cotton. Under pressure from encroaching settlers and coerced by hostile state governments, the Choctaw, Creek, and Chickasaw agreed in 1831 and 1832 to relocate to Oklahoma. The Seminoles fought a seven-year war that ended with most tribal members being expelled to Oklahoma. The Cherokee were forcibly moved to Oklahoma starting in 1838, with four thousand of the sixteen thousand who began walking what became known as the Trail of Tears dying before reaching their new home.","add_image":"","image_position":"bottom","background":false,"quote_content":"In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction, something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu; one couldn\u2019t watch without feeling one\u2019s heart wrung. The Indians were tranquil but somber and taciturn. There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country. \u201cTo be free,\u201d he answered, could never get any other reason out of him. We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples.","quote_footer":"Alexis de Tocqueville,\u202fDemocracy in America","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"quote","add_section_title":"The Legacy of the Indian Removal Act","add_section_content":"<div class=\"field__item\">\r\n<div class=\"paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default\">\r\n<div class=\"text-content field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item\">\r\n\r\nThe Indian Removal Act repudiated solemn treaty obligations that the United States had extended to Native American tribes and sanctified in law the forced displacement and suffering of Native American tribes. The law\u2019s supporters argued that it was just because it authorized the voluntary exchange of land. However, the land transfers were voluntary in name only. U.S. negotiators used bribery and coercion to secure agreements from tribes that faced the threat of violence from settlers, often with the blessing of state and local officials. The U.S. government frequently failed to provide promised aid and assistance to tribes forced to relocate, most notably with the Cherokee who walked the Trail of Tears. By pushing Native Americans off vast swaths of land in the South, the Indian Removal Act also enabled the practice of chattel slavery to spread, furthering a second horrific abuse of human rights.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"In the whole scene there was an air of ruin and destruction, something which betrayed a final and irrevocable adieu; one couldn\u2019t watch without feeling one\u2019s heart wrung. The Indians were tranquil but somber and taciturn. There was one who could speak English and of whom I asked why the Chactas were leaving their country. \u201cTo be free,\u201d he answered, could never get any other reason out of him. We ... watch the expulsion ... of one of the most celebrated and ancient American peoples.","quote_footer":"Alexis de Tocqueville,\u202fDemocracy in America","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""},{"quote_section":"imagecontent","add_section_title":"The Legacy of the Indian Removal Act","add_section_content":"<div class=\"field__item\">\r\n<div class=\"paragraph paragraph--type--rich-text paragraph--view-mode--default\">\r\n<div class=\"text-content field field--name-field-body field--type-text-long field--label-hidden field__item\">\r\n\r\nThe Indian Removal Act repudiated solemn treaty obligations that the United States had extended to Native American tribes and sanctified in law the forced displacement and suffering of Native American tribes. The law\u2019s supporters argued that it was just because it authorized the voluntary exchange of land. However, the land transfers were voluntary in name only. U.S. negotiators used bribery and coercion to secure agreements from tribes that faced the threat of violence from settlers, often with the blessing of state and local officials. The U.S. government frequently failed to provide promised aid and assistance to tribes forced to relocate, most notably with the Cherokee who walked the Trail of Tears. By pushing Native Americans off vast swaths of land in the South, the Indian Removal Act also enabled the practice of chattel slavery to spread, furthering a second horrific abuse of human rights.\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>\r\n<\/div>","add_image":"","image_position":"null","background":false,"quote_content":"","quote_footer":"","video_title":"","video_link":null,"youtube_link":""}],"add_testimonials":[{"author_name":"Amy Sayward","add_testimonial_content":"The Indian Removal Act set the precedent of devaluing others, especially of color.","add_university_department":"Professor of History, Middle Tennessee State University","add_image":2350},{"author_name":"James Stocker","add_testimonial_content":"The Indian Removal Act harmed tens of thousands, while enabling a great expansion of chattel slavery that eventually culminated in the Civil War.","add_university_department":"Associate Professor of Global Affairs, Trinity Washington University","add_image":2352},{"author_name":"Syrus Jin","add_testimonial_content":"The Indian Removal Act was genocidal and a form of ethnic cleansing. It generated enduring forms of inequality and imperialism that persist to the present and forever haunted American democratic formation.","add_university_department":"Elihu Rose Scholar in Modern Military History, New York University","add_image":2312}],"learn_more_title":"Learn More","add_learn_more_content":"Primary documents, books, articles, and more on the Indian Removal Act of 1830 below.","add_sources":[{"add_sources_title":"Primary Documents","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Andrew Jackson, \u201cFirst Annual Message,\u201d December 8, 1829","url":"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/first-annual-message-3","target":""},"source_content":"The text of Jackson\u2019s proposal that Congress set aside territory west of the Mississippi for the resettlement of Native Americans. ","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Andrew Jackson, \u201cSecond Annual Message,\u201d December 6, 1830","url":"https:\/\/www.presidency.ucsb.edu\/documents\/second-annual-message-3","target":""},"source_content":"The text of Jackson\u2019s call for Congress to authorize him to relocate Native Americans living east of the Mississippi to new lands west of the Mississippi.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"David Crockett, \u201cRemarks by the Honorable David Crockett on the Indian Removal Act,\u201d May 19, 1830","url":"https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/CREC-2012-01-24\/html\/CREC-2012-01-24-pt1-PgE63-3.htm","target":""},"source_content":"A summary of Crockett\u2019s speech to the House of Representatives attacking the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"U.S. Congress, Indian Removal Act of 1830","url":"https:\/\/www.ncpedia.org\/anchor\/primary-source-indian","target":""},"source_content":"The text of the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"John Ross, \u201cAddress to the People of the United States, by the General Council of the Cherokee Nation,\u201d May 1830","url":"https:\/\/teachingamericanhistory.org\/document\/address-to-the-people-of-the-united-states-by-the-general-council-of-the-cherokee-nation\/","target":""},"source_content":"The text of the open letter Ross wrote to the American people stating that the Cherokee had always heeded their treaty obligations and had no interest in relocating west of the Mississippi River.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"William Penn (Jeremiah Evarts), \u201cThe Removal of the Indians,\u201d 1830","url":"https:\/\/books.google.com\/books?hl=en&amp;id=754bCdud9fAC&amp;dq=Jeremiah%20evarts&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;source=web&amp;ots=ip81WO6-LK&amp;sig=nxHC8kigZg0XsgCVGFVU0TizKK4&amp;ei=kVaKSdn3FJjAtgf7vJmeBw&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=2&amp;ct=result#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false","target":""},"source_content":"A Congregationalist missionary, Evarts wrote under the pen name \u201cWilliam Penn\u201d attacking the proposal to relocate Native Americans from their ancestral lands.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Books","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Ned Blackhawk, The Rediscovery of America: Native Peoples and the Unmaking of U.S. History","url":"https:\/\/nam10.safelinks.protection.outlook.com\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fyalebooks.yale.edu%2Fbook%2F9780300276671%2Fthe-rediscovery-of-america%2F&amp;data=05%7C02%7COBerry%40cfr.org%7Ce9c82a1bca624b4d436208de39aeec04%7C146cc3db32f24b3c815625bcc3553464%7C0%7C0%7C639011620605680549%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJFbXB0eU1hcGkiOnRydWUsIlYiOiIwLjAuMDAwMCIsIlAiOiJXaW4zMiIsIkFOIjoiTWFpbCIsIldUIjoyfQ%3D%3D%7C0%7C%7C%7C&amp;sdata=9t9I6aDgq0P75L1pkOo5HzX8b0fJVl5By1i%2BNa%2BJ06Q%3D&amp;reserved=0","target":""},"source_content":"A professor of history at Yale, Blackhawk won the 2023 National Book Award in Nonfiction for his retelling of U.S. history that stresses the role of Indigenous peoples.","source_image":2673},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Claudio Saunt, Unworthy Republic: The Dispossession of Native Americans and the Road to Indian Territory","url":"https:\/\/wwnorton.com\/books\/unworthy-republic","target":""},"source_content":"Saunt explores the systemic and violent expulsion of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands to territories west of the Mississippi River.","source_image":1293}]},{"add_sources_title":"Articles","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"History in Charts, \u201cFour Causes of the Indian Removal Act\u201d","url":"https:\/\/historyincharts.com\/indian-removal-act-causes\/","target":""},"source_content":"A visual and analytical exploration of the factors leading to the Indian Removal Act of 1830.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Doug Kiel, \u201cAmerican Expansion Turns to Official Indian Removal\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.nps.gov\/articles\/american-expansion-turns-to-indian-removal.htm","target":""},"source_content":"A short overview of how Indian removal went from an idea to a policy.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"National Geographic, \u201cMay 28, 1830 CE: Indian Removal Act\u201d","url":"https:\/\/education.nationalgeographic.org\/resource\/indian-removal-act\/","target":""},"source_content":"An overview of the events and thinking that led to the passage of the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"U.S. Department of State, \u201cIndian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830\u201d","url":"https:\/\/history.state.gov\/milestones\/1830-1860\/indian-treaties","target":""},"source_content":"A detailed overview of the Indian Treaties and the Removal Act of 1830, highlighting the systemic displacement of Native American tribes during the early nineteenth century.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Documentaries and Short Videos","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"C-SPAN, \u201cTribal Treaties and the Indian Removal Act\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.c-span.org\/clip\/public-affairs-event\/tribal-treaties-and-the-indian-removal-act\/4879632","target":""},"source_content":"Kelli Mosteller, director of the Cultural Heritage Center for the Citizen Potawatomi Nation, discusses how the Indian Removal Act led to the forced relocation of the Potawatomi.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"HipHughes History, \u201cThe Indian Removal Act of 1830\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yQfP2Y2t45U","target":""},"source_content":"A five-minute overview of the Indian Removal Act of 1830.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"History in a Nutshell, \u201cThe Trail of Tears\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.pbs.org\/video\/the-trail-of-tears-vffpwi\/","target":""},"source_content":"A twelve-minute telling of the forced relocation of Native American tribes, particularly the Cherokee, during the 1830s.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian, \u201cThe \u2018Indian Problem\u2019\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=if-BOZgWZPE","target":""},"source_content":"A twelve-minute documentary on the shift of the United States from the principle of treaty-making\u2014that tribes were self-governing nations\u2014to policies that overrode tribal sovereignty.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Lectures and Podcasts","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Ben Franklin\u2019s World, \u201cIndian Removal Act of 1830\u201d","url":"https:\/\/benfranklinsworld.com\/episode-297-claudio-saunt-indian-removal-act-of-1830\/","target":""},"source_content":"\u200bHistorian Claudio Saunt discusses the Indian Removal Act of 1830 and its profound impact on Native American communities.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Civics and Coffee, \u201cThe Indian Removal Act of 1830\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.civicsandcoffee.com\/the-indian-removal-act-of-1830\/","target":""},"source_content":"Host Alycia Asai discusses Jackson\u2019s effort to pass and implement the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"Empire, \u201cThe Trail of Tears\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.listennotes.com\/podcasts\/empire\/161-the-trail-of-tears-3Kq_SCtZvAg\/?srsltid=AfmBOorDuG5q9VQKRjSdDKuMJVQlR___A6AkeMmEwTGETcwMwaanTZOS","target":""},"source_content":"Hosts Anita Anand and William Dalrymple speak with historian Kathleen Duval about the passage and impact of the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"History Pod, \u201cThe Indian Removal Act Signed Into Law by President Andrew Jackson\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.podchaser.com\/podcasts\/historypod-142969\/episodes\/28th-may-1830-the-indian-remov-92139619","target":""},"source_content":"Host Scott Allsop explores the passage and implementation of the Indian Removal Act.","source_image":""},{"source_link_title":{"title":"The Ohio Country, \u201cEpisode 8: Removals\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.wyso.org\/podcast\/the-ohio-country\/2024-08-27\/the-ohio-country-episode-8-removals","target":""},"source_content":"Hosts Neenah Ellis and Chris Welter discuss how the Indian Removal Act led to the forced removal of Shawnee, Seneca-Cayuga, Ottawa, Wyandotte, and Miami communities from present-day Ohio.","source_image":""}]},{"add_sources_title":"Timeline","single_source":[{"source_link_title":{"title":"Oklahoma Historical Society, \u201cRemoval of Tribal Nations to Oklahoma\u201d","url":"https:\/\/www.okhistory.org\/research\/removal","target":""},"source_content":"","source_image":""}]}],"add_bottom_title":"","add_bottom_image":"","add_background_image":"","add_bottom_button":"","add_year":"1830"},"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/build.mini.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2025\/06\/Screenshot-2025-07-21-at-4.27.26-PM.png.png","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/3"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=61"}],"version-history":[{"count":39,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3529,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/61\/revisions\/3529"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=61"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=61"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.cfr.org\/ten-best-ten-worst-us-foreign-policy-decisions\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=61"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}