In decades of Israeli-Palestinian peace talks, relatively few women have participated in leading roles. Still, notable women have held prominent positions, such as Tzipi Livni, who served as Israel’s chief negotiator in multiple rounds between 2007 and 2014, and Hanan Ashrawi, a negotiator for the Palestine Liberation Organization in the 1990s. Women do play a role in both governments, although they remain underrepresented. Within the Israeli government, only five of the current thirty-two ministers are women, and none of its political parties are currently led by a woman. The Palestinian cabinet includes only four women out of twenty-three ministerial-level posts. The Palestinian Authority established a Ministry of Women’s Affairs in 2003.
Civil society groups—many bridging national, ethnic, and religious divides—have long played critical roles, leading nonviolent efforts to promote human security, equality, and access to services, and staging public demonstrations to call for progress in the peace process.
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