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January 19, 2012

Heads of State and Government
Lessons Learned: John F. Kennedy’s Inaugural Address

CFR’s James M. Lindsay remembers John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address and discusses the importance of balancing costs and benefits in foreign policy

March 13, 2012

Germany
Lessons Learned: Hitler’s Rearmament of Germany

CFR’s James M. Lindsay remembers Adolf Hitler’s announcement in 1935 that he would reintroduce conscription in Germany, and discusses instances when a country should be confronted rather than accommo…

March 20, 2012

Japan
Lessons Learned: Tokyo Sarin Gas Attack

CFR’s James M. Lindsay remembers the sarin gas attack on Tokyo’s subway on March 20, 1995 by a religious cult, and discusses how technological advances increasingly mean that governments are no longe…

March 6, 2012

Japan
Lessons Learned: The Firebombing of Tokyo

CFR’s James M. Lindsay remembers the firebombing of Tokyo during World War II and discusses the destructive power of conventional weapons.

January 12, 2012

Political History and Theory
Lessons Learned: The Ludlow Amendment

CFR’s James M. Lindsay remembers the anniversary of voting on the Ludlow Amendment and discusses it in the context of current debates about the power to commit force abroad.