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May 15, 2024

China
Religion in China

A significant proportion of China’s population claims to follow a religion. However, the government continues to toughen oversight, increase persecution of some religions, and attempt to co-opt state…

Chinese Hui Muslim women gather for a group photo before a flag raising ceremony before Eid al-Fitr prayers at the historic Niujie Mosque on April 22, 2023 in Beijing, China.
Backgrounder by CFR.org Editors

May 21, 2008

United Kingdom
IRA Splinter Groups (U.K., separatists)

A profile of three IRA splinter groups that remain active in Northern Ireland.

Backgrounder by Holly Fletcher

March 16, 2010

United Kingdom
Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) (aka, PIRA, "the provos," Óglaigh na hÉireann) (UK separatists)

The provisional Irish Republican Army, or IRA, is an outgrowth of an older group known as the Irish Republican Army, which fought an insurgency that successfully challenged British rule in the whole …

Backgrounder by Kathryn Gregory

December 8, 2023

International Organizations
What Is the IMF?

The International Monetary Fund, both criticized and lauded for its efforts to promote financial stability, continues to find itself at the forefront of global economic crisis management.

Demonstrators hold red and yellow signs protesting the IMF in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
Backgrounder by CFR.org Editors

October 12, 2023

International Organizations
The World Bank Group’s Role in Global Development

Since its founding in 1944, the World Bank has evolved from a lender focused on European reconstruction to the preeminent international institution for economic development and poverty reduction.

A woman reads in front of a chalkboard in an outdoor classroom in Niger.
Backgrounder by Jonathan Masters, Noah Berman, and Andrew Chatzky

September 20, 2023

Sub-Saharan Africa
Africa’s ‘Leaders for Life’

Sub-Saharan Africa is home to many of the world’s longest-ruling heads of state. Pro-democracy advocates have at times successfully stopped presidents from extending their mandates, but the authorita…

A worker throws away campaign posters of President Yoweri Museveni after Uganda’s 2021 election.
Backgrounder by Claire Klobucista and Mariel Ferragamo

July 14, 2009

Religion
U.S.-Vatican Relations

U.S.-Vatican relations remain uneven following Joseph Ratzinger’s accession as Pope Benedict XVI, particularly as the Obama administration pursues a more liberal social agenda.

Backgrounder by Lee Hudson Teslik and Toni Johnson