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September 16, 2005

Wars and Conflict
IRAQ: Is there Civil War in Iraq?

This publication is now archived. IntroductionBack in July, John Burns of the New York Times posed a provocative question: If there’s civil war in Iraq, how will we know it? The answer may be unclear…

Backgrounder by Lionel Beehner

June 9, 2005

Terrorism and Counterterrorism
IRAQ: Militia Groups

This publication is now archived. What’s the status of Iraq’s various militia groups?Despite repeated U.S. requests for them to disband, Iraq’s various ethnic and sectarian militias continue to exist…

Backgrounder by Lionel Beehner

October 12, 2023

International Organizations
The World Bank Group’s Role in Global Development

Since its founding in 1944, the World Bank has evolved from a lender focused on European reconstruction to the preeminent international institution for economic development and poverty reduction.

A woman reads in front of a chalkboard in an outdoor classroom in Niger.
Backgrounder by Jonathan Masters, Noah Berman, and Andrew Chatzky

August 15, 2023

United Nations
The Role of the UN Secretary-General

The United Nations’ top leadership position has broad authority to steer the organization’s agenda, but its impact has varied widely since 1946.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres is escorted by staff at a displaced persons camp in Somalia.
Backgrounder by CFR.org Editors

May 6, 2005

Terrorism and Counterterrorism
IRAQ: Insurgents’ Tactics

This publication is now archived. Have Iraq’s insurgents shifted tactics?It’s unclear. In the months after the January 30 elections, insurgent attacks had grown more sophisticated and larger-scale, b…

Backgrounder by Lionel Beehner

May 6, 2009

Pakistan
Winning the Information War in Afghanistan and Pakistan

President Obama has made "strategic communications" an essential part of his move to boost the military and nation-building effort in Afghanistan. But experts say countering Taliban messaging will ta…

Backgrounder by Greg Bruno