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October 12, 2023

International Organizations
The World Bank Group’s Role in Global Development

Since its founding in 1944, the World Bank has evolved from a lender focused on European reconstruction to the preeminent international institution for economic development and poverty reduction.

A woman reads in front of a chalkboard in an outdoor classroom in Niger.
Backgrounder by Jonathan Masters, Noah Berman, and Andrew Chatzky

August 15, 2023

United Nations
The Role of the UN Secretary-General

The United Nations’ top leadership position has broad authority to steer the organization’s agenda, but its impact has varied widely since 1946.

UN Secretary-General António Guterres is escorted by staff at a displaced persons camp in Somalia.
Backgrounder by CFR.org Editors

September 27, 2023

Belarus
The Belarus-Russia Alliance: An Axis of Autocracy in Eastern Europe

Russia has renewed its long-stalled push for unification with Belarus, using the country as a launchpad for its war against Ukraine and a hardening bulwark against NATO rivals to the west.

Presidents Aleksandr Lukashenko and Vladimir Putin.
Backgrounder by Jonathan Masters

June 8, 2005

Sub-Saharan Africa
AFRICA: Debt-Relief Proposals

This publication is now archived. What are the current plans for African debt relief?There are a number of debt-relief proposals being debated, some more ambitious than others. One of the most widely…

Backgrounder by Lionel Beehner

May 12, 2006

Bolivia
Bolivia’s Nationalization of Oil and Gas

In a region seen as turning leftward, forging alliances would seem a natural course of events. But Bolivian President Evo Morales’ decision to nationalize the oil and gas industry is exposing tension…

Backgrounder by Carin Zissis

March 10, 2010

Iraq
IRAQ: Coalition Provisional Authority: The Iraqi Ministries

This publication is now archived. Senior advisers from the U.S.-led coalition will head Iraqi ministries until an interim government is put into place. Three Iraqi ministries have not been re-establi…

Backgrounder