Israel has long been the leading recipient of U.S. foreign aid, including military support. That aid has come under heightened scrutiny amid Israel’s monthslong war to eliminate Hamas.

The death toll from the Israel-Hamas war continues to mount, with no lasting settlement in sight. Meanwhile, concerns about humanitarian catastrophe and regional violence are spreading.

Power in the Gaza Strip and the West Bank, the so-called Palestinian territories, has been divided among three entities: a governing body called the Palestinian Authority, the militant group Hamas, a…