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December 1, 2023

Climate Change
Climate, Conflict, and COP28: The Burden on Unstable Regions

In Dubai, leaders should focus their attention on policy solutions for vulnerable regions where climate change is amplifying the consequences of armed conflict and compounding failures of governance…

A vehicle with Somali National Army soldiers passes a group of goat carcasses lie on ground formerly used for pasture by local herders on October 17,2022 near Doolow in the Gedo region of South West Somalia.

October 28, 2022

Wars and Conflict
Nonstate Warfare: The Military Methods of Guerillas, Warlords, and Militias

Teaching Notes for Toxic Politics, authored by CFR Senior Fellow Yanzhong Huang, discuss how China’s environmental crisis is undermining public health and becoming an Achilles heel in its reemergence as a global power.

Nonstate Warfare Teaching Notes Image

April 11, 2022

Nigeria
Nigeria’s Deepening Security Crisis Exposes Growing Reliance on Nonstate Actors

A rare positive note as Nigeria spirals into a state of lawlessness is the unintended return to the front burner of longstanding issues around governance at the subnational level. Until now, such issues have bubbled under the surface, receiving fleeting attention only when the country’s perennial crisis threatens to boil over, only to subside as soon as a temporary fix is found. Penultimate week, after still unidentified assailants opened fire on an Abuja-Kaduna train, killing eight passengers and kidnapping tens of others for ransom, Kaduna State Governor Nasir El-Rufai, emerging from a private meeting with President Muhammadu Buhari, threatened to do whatever it takes to protect lives and property across the state, including “importing mercenaries from outside the country to do it.”

Nigerian police officer sitting down being interviewed wearing police outfit.

July 26, 2022

Wars and Conflict
Nonstate Warfare

Stephen Biddle explains how nonstate military strategies overturn traditional perspectives on warfare.

October 19, 2023

Israeli-Palestinian Conflict
What International Law Has to Say About the Israel-Hamas War

Hamas’s attack on Israel and the ensuing war in the Gaza Strip raise a host of questions about the combatants’ legal obligations.

Israeli soldiers lined up in a field near the border with the Gaza Strip.

March 24, 2022

Cybersecurity
Tracking Cyber Operations and Actors in the Russia-Ukraine War

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has been characterized by a relative lack of major cyber operations. This article provides an accounting of those which have taken place.

Ukrainian airborne troops stand in formation during drills in November 2021.